高密度储氢材料的研究进展

Progress in Research of High-Density Hydrogen Storage Materials

氢是一种清洁的燃料,氢能被公认为人类未来的理想能源,而氢能的利用最关键的环节就是氢能的储存。氢的储存是氢能现阶段开发和利用的瓶颈。氢的储存方法有高压气态储存、低温液态储存和固态储存等3种,其中高压气态储存或低温液态储存不能满足将来的储氢目标。固态储氢是通过化学或物理吸附将氢气储存于固态材料中,其能量密度高且安全性好,被认为是最有发展前景的一种氢气储存方式。目前该领域的研究取得了一些阶段性的成果,虽然目前发展的各种材料都有不易克服的缺点,但储氢材料的前景还是十分广阔的。高密度储氢材料由轻元素构成,包括铝氢化物、硼氢化物、氨基氢化物、氨硼烷等,理论储氢质量分数均达到5%以上。简述了氢能的优势及储存方法,介绍了镁基储氢材料、络合物储氢材料、Li-B-H系和2种或2种以上储氢材料复合4类有望实用化的储氢材料的研究现状,并指出了储氢材料的发展方向。

Hydrogen is a clean fuel,so it is recognized as a ideal energy（in future）,while the storage is the most critical.The bottleneck of hydrogen energy development at the present stage is hydrogen storage,methods of which include high-pressure gaseous storage,low-temperature liquid storage and solid-state storage,amoug them the former two cannot reach future storage goals.Solid-state storage can store hydrogen in solid-state materials through chemisorption or physisorption,which is considered as the most promising way of hydrogen storage due to its high energy density and safety.Current research in the field made some initial results,although the shortcomings of the developing materials are difficult to overcome,but the prospects for hydrogen storage materials is very broad.High-density hydrogen storage materials consist of lightweight elements such as alanates,borohydrides,amido hydrides,ammonia borane,etc.,exhibiting high theoretical hydrogen storage capacity of more than 5%（mass fraction）.This paper outlines the advantages and storage methods of hydrogen,mainly introduces four types of practical hydrogen storage materials,including the Mg-based hydrogen storage materials,complex materials for hydrogen storage,Li-B-H system, and two or more complex materials,and pointes out the developing direction of hydrogen storage.