文学的发展:心灵的焦虑与欲望

The Development of Literature:The Psychic Anxiety and Desire

通过借鉴维柯《新科学》中社会历史的三阶段循环论,哈罗德.布鲁姆将文学史的发展阶段划分为神权时代、贵族时代、民主时代和混乱时代,从而绘制了一幅文学史地图的大体框架。而在弗洛伊德精神分析学说的影响下,布鲁姆将文学史的发展归结于前辈诗人巨大阴影下的新诗人心灵中所产生的焦虑以及企图获取想象力的优先权的幻想,而新诗人消除焦虑和获取优先权的手段就是布鲁姆所勾勒的六个"修正比"。这既是新诗人的心理防御机制,也是其否定前驱、张扬自我的工具。

Harold Bloom, inspired by the circulation theory of social history in three phases by Vico＇s New Science, classified the development of literature history into the time of deity and spirits, the time of nobility, the time of democracy and the time of chaos, which presents a map or a framework of literature history. Influenced by Freud＇ s theory on psychoanalysis, Bloom defined the development of literature history as the anxiety of influence exerted by the strong impacts of previous poets＇ on the psychic feelings of the new poets, and as the result of the attempt to acquire the priority of imaginary illusion. The six revisionary ratios as Bloom suggested are the means to remove these anxieties and to obtain the priority. These revisionary ratios are not only the defense mechanism of the new poets, but also the tools to show their negation to the forerunners and the desire of self-display.