晋南已发现的西周国族初析

Initial Studies of Western Zhou Enfeoffed States and Clans Identified in the Southern Shanxi

山西南部地区陆续发现了多处西周墓地,著名的有曲沃县天马-曲村晋国墓地及北赵晋侯墓地,黎城西关、浮山桥北、绛县横水墓地等。由于缺少全面系统的分析,研究者普遍将这些遗存均作为西周封国的遗存看待。该文通过考古资料、历史渊源和地理环境等方面的综合研究,认为对这些墓地尚不宜一概而论,他们实际存在着国与族的差别,即诸侯国、封国以及采邑的差异。从族群来源上讲有来自关中地区姬周系统的虞、晋、杨等诸侯或封国,也有出自晋南古族帝尧后裔黎国,还有源自殷商遗民的先国,以及出于戎狄文化系统的倗氏。只有更清楚的区分出众多西周墓地所属是国还是族的差别,才能较好的认识周王朝对晋南统治的格局。

The Zhou clan had expanded their reign scope to the western Shanxi along the Yellow River, even to Li - city near the Shang capital of Yin at the time before the Great Conquest of Shang Marked by the Jin＇s initial enfeoffment at Tang, the Zhou administration entered into the areas along Yellow River and Fenghe River. Combined with textual references and archaeological materials, the author proposes that those Western Zhou enfeoffed states identified in southern Shanxi were all related with early old clans and tribes, not only including of those from Guanzhong area, such as Yu, Jin, Yang etc., but also of those originally resided in Southern Shanxi. Although the cultural remains of these ancient clans and states have been archaeologicaUy exposed, they can not be treated in an indiscriminating manner and regarded all as enfeoffed states. There existed not only enfeoffed states, but also Dukes, and feoffs.