不同覆盖处理对甘肃中部地区甘蓝型冬油菜越冬率及产量的影响

Effect of different covering on the overintering rate and yield of winter rapeseed(Brassica napus) in central Gansu

试验研究了地膜覆盖、土覆盖、农家肥覆盖处理对甘肃中部地区甘蓝型冬油菜的越冬率、生育期、产量的影响。试验结果表明,覆盖处理较露地栽培可缩短总生育期2-11 d,各生育时期也相应缩短。其中地膜覆盖效果最好,可缩短生育期11 d左右,农家肥覆盖与土覆盖处理分别可缩短生育期2 d与5 d。地膜覆盖、土覆盖、农家肥覆盖越冬率分别为95.45%、81.25%、80.77%,露地栽培越冬率为66.67%。覆盖处理较露地栽培的越冬率增加14.1-28.78个百分点。覆盖处理的株高、主花序长度、单株角果数、千粒重、单株产量以及角粒数等性状优于露地栽培。覆盖处理可提高产量,其中地膜覆盖产量达到5 358.3 kg/hm^2,土覆盖为3 854.25 kg/hm^2,农家肥覆盖产量为3 704.25 kg/hm^2,分别较对照增产50.94%、8.57%和4.34%。覆盖对提高土壤温度有良好影响,无论地膜覆盖、土覆盖还是农家肥覆盖,土壤温度均高于露地栽培的处理。根据覆盖栽培越冬保苗效果、增产效果以及农事作业的可操作性,建议甘肃中部地区甘蓝型冬油菜栽培以地膜覆盖和土覆盖为主要覆盖方式。

The main object of this experiment was to analyze and evaluate the effect of different covering on the overwintering rate,growth period and yield of winter rapeseed（Brassica napus） in central Gansu.The results showed that the growth period of winter rapeseed treated with covering was 2～11 days shorter compared to that of open field cultivation,and the growth stages were subsequently shortened,too.The growth period was shortened by about 11 days by plastic film covering with the best effects,and was shortened by 2 and 5 days respectively by manure and soil covering treatments.Overwintering rates of winter rapeseed under plastic film,soil and manure covering were 95.45%,81.25% and 80.77% respectively,while that of open field cultivation was 66.67%.The covering had more effect than CK on overwintering rate and agronomic characteristics.Covering could also increase the yield.Briefly,the yield in the treatments of plastic film,soil and manure covering was 5 358.3 kg/hm^2,3 854.25 kg/hm^2 and 3 704.25 kg/hm^2,increasing respectively by 50.94%,8.57% and 4.34% compared to CK.Covering is also good for storing soil temperature.It could not only keep a better stand of seedlings but also was easy to operate.So plastic film and soil coverings are reliable ways for central Gansu winter rapeseed.