某造船厂48年职业病防治工作回顾与评估

Review and Evaluation on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases in a Shipyard during Last Forty-eight Years

[目的]研究某造船厂职业病和职业中毒的发生特点、工种分布、主要原因及发生趋势；了解该企业职业病防治措施及其效果。[方法]通过查阅档案、与工厂职业病医师访谈等方式，收集某造船企业生产环境中各种有毒有害因素的监测数据资料、职业病病例档案，并对资料进行回顾和统计分析。[结果]该企业1960年1月～2007年12月48年间共发生94例尘肺、3例苯中毒、2例锰中毒、200例高温中暑，2000例电光性眼炎。该企业根据相关法律法规，采取建立监管体系、工艺改革、作业点更址、改进防护等措施，完善制度和体系，加强职业病防治，使职业病的发病明显降低。如尘肺由1970～1980年间发病47例下降到2000年以来仅有5例，2000年以来未见有慢性职业中毒和高温中暑病例发生。[结论]该造船企业尘肺和职业中毒等职业病的发生呈下降趋势，职业病防治工作取得了明显的效果；说明积极开展多部门参与的健康促进是全面落实职业病防治的有效途径。

[ Objective ] To investigate the characteristics of occupational diseases and occupational poisoning in a shipyard, and to find the feature of the related work types distribution, the main reasons and the prevalence trend. The measures and efficiency for prevention and control of the occupational diseases applied by the shipyard were also studied. [ Methods ] By referring the occupational files and interviewing the occupational doctors in this shipyard, the data of the occupational diseases and the hazardous substance monitoring in working environment from Jan.1960 to Dec.2007 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. [ Results ] From Jan.1960 to Dec.2007, there were 94 cases of pneumoconiosis, 3 cases of benzene poisoning, 2 cases of manganese poisoning, 200 cases of heat exhaustion and 2000 cases of electric ophthalmia occurred in this shipyard. The average age of the initial diagnosis of pneumoconiosis patients was 47.59 ± 8.91. Among them sixty percent of the patients were 40 to 50 years old. The average of the working age of pneumoconiosis patients was 23.78 ± 7.15. Among them seventy percent had their working age of 20 to 40 years. The major related work types for electric welding pneumoconiosis were electric welder; for asbestosis were asbestos material bandaging, tailoring and sewing; for silicosis were casting, molding, sand removal and painting; and for founder＇ s pneumoconiosis were molding and sand removal. According to the related laws, this shipyard set up the supervision and management system, reformed the working process, relocated the new factory address, improved the prevention and protection measures, and perfected the system to enhance the prevention and control of occupational disease. [ Conclusion ] The occurrence of occupational diseases and occupational poisoning in this shipyard showed a downward trend. Positive developing multiple departments to participate in health promotion is the effective way to become comprehensive realization of the prevention and control for occunational diseases.