秦汉时期方术、方士与政治文化之关系

Fang-Shu Theology,Alchemists and Their Relations with Politics and Culture During Qin and Han Dynasty

秦汉时期的方术作为原始宗教的一种重要形式对社会政治、文化各个领域产生了重要的影响。以方术、巫术为基础的宗天神学和谶纬神学得到统治者推崇,在历次的政治斗争中,方术或成为统治者愚弄朝野的工具,或成为野心家问鼎皇权的借口。由于方术具有广阔而深厚的社会基础和重要的政治作用,所以一批又一批的方士应运而生,他们又利用方术混世谋生,提高社会地位,跻身上流社会。秦汉时期的方术渗透到社会文化的各个方面,广泛影响着人们的意识形态和人文精神,尤其对道教的产生与发展有着重要的影响。

＂Fang-Shu＂,an important form of ancient religion,played a major role in social,political,and cultural systems during Qin and Han Dynasty.Zong-Tian Theology and Divination Theology developing from Fang-Shu and Witchcraft were embraced by empire rulers,and these theologies were used as political tools,which also have been exploited by political aspirators in their power struggles in seeking the empire.Because these theologies were deeply rooted in the society and played important political roles,generations of career alchemists emerged who practiced ＂Fang-Shu＂ theology to make a living,to improve their social status and to climb up to top social class.＂Fang-Shu＂ of Qin and Han Dynasty penetrated all aspects of society,affected social ideology,culture and ethics,and played a major role in the creation and development of Taoism Theology.