20世纪20-30年代的中国农村新式金融

New Rural Finance in China in the 1920s and 1930s

20世纪20-30年代中国的政界、金融界和学界曾掀起一波农村金融的浪潮,由中央和地方政府组织的农民银行、中国银行以及若干商业银行展开了对农村信用合作社等农民组织及农民个体的贷款,并形成了一套理论思路和操作规程。农村新式金融的开展,一方面是为了改变当时上海等少数大都市游资汇集而广大农村却严重缺乏资金的资源畸形配置状况,另一方面则有利于农村经济的稳定和农业技术的进步。农村新式金融的开展需要解决受体的设计。农村信用合作社是一种信用受体,它本身并不是金融机构,它以加入者的信用来降低贷款风险,并以此来促进中国农村社会信用共同体的发育。农村新式金融的品种设计是从实际出发的,风险防范是有效的。农村新式金融可以做到低成本和薄利润,农村新式金融专业机构除了在开创期需要政府投入外,其日常经营能够做到自负盈亏。商业银行之所以能参与其间,也说明了这个问题。农村新式金融需要长期稳定的社会、经济和货币条件才能稳步推进,需要政府的自律清廉才能约束其成本和贷款方向,这些方面体现了当时中国农村新式金融的局限性,并注定这次农村金融新的尝试不能取得成功。

In the 1920s and 1930s,there was a wave of rural finance in the circles of politics,finance and academia.Because much hot money flowed into big cities such as Shanghai,while in the rural,it faced the situation of the serious shortage of fund,so Peasant Bank,China Bank and other commercial banks began to loan to the rural credit cooperative,other organization of peasants and individual farmers.Then a set of theoretical thought and rules of operation were formed.There were two results of developing the new rural finance:it changed the status of deformity in resource allocation;and secondly,it was beneficial to the stability of rural economic and progress in agricultural technology.The rural credit cooperative was not the financial institution but a credit receptor.It reduced the risk of loans by the credit of the participants.And by this model,it would promote Chinese rural social credit community development.Since low cost and thin profits,the rural new finance always assumed sole responsibility for its own profits or losses.The rural new finance required the long-term stabile society,economy and currency condition to promote forward steadily and needed the selfdiscipline and incorruption of government to constrain its cost and direction of loan.Because of these limitations at that time,this rural new finance was deemed to failure.