“中体西用”与“和魂洋才”之比较——中日两国近代办学指导思想之异同

A Comparison of the Westernized Reform in China and in Japan——On the Similarities and Differences of Educational Philosophies In Modern China and Japan

19世纪中叶,在相同的民族危机面前,中日两国各自启动了一系列的改革,以求民族的独立富强。在教育问题上,中国提出了"中体西用"的指导思想,日本则以"和魂洋才"作为总原则,为何看似相同的办学指导思想,结果大相径庭:"中体西用"的教育改革没有为中国的独立富强打下人才基础,反而在甲午战争中惨败于日本,半封建半殖民地的厄运愈加深重;日本则到明治维新的后期,教育现代化基本定型。教育改革的成功为日本实现社会的全面现代化和跻身世界强国奠定了坚实的基础。中日两国在大致相同的时间、相同的背景下和大致相同的指导思想下进行的教育改革,何以结果迥然相异?通过比较分析,探究个中原因,可见,"中体西用"与"和魂洋才"表面的相同下面掩盖的本质差异以及由此导致的教育实践的不同,是二者在改革结果方面产生重大差异的基本原因。

In the middle of nineteenth century,both China and Japan were facing an unprecedented crisis and therefore conducted a string of reforms in a bid to realize the revitalization and prosperity of the nation.In terms of education,both nations had adopted the western-style reforms.Although their educational thoughts and philosophies seemed to be the same,yet the results of the reform were quite different.China＇s westernized reform failed to lay a solid foundation for its independence and prosperity and was defeated by Japan in Sino-Japanese War in 1894-1895 and fell further into the abyss of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.In contrast,in late Meiji period,Japan＇s modernized education system has began to take shape which laid a solid foundation for Japan to realize the objective of overall modernization and helped it become a superpower.Through comparative study,it can be found that the reason for the major differences appearing in the results of the reform lies in the two nations＇ different social systems and education practices.