中国古代香熏活动的缘起与发展

The Origin and Development of Fragrance Activity in Chinese Ancient Times

中国古代的香熏活动历史悠久，在先秦时期主要用于祭祀和医疗；至秦汉三国时期香熏的使用人群由皇室贵族扩展至士大夫和一般官吏，香熏也逐渐进入日常生活，香熏衣被、清洁居室、防疫治疫成为这一时期的特色，祭祀用香也从最初的祭天转变为燃香供奉；魏晋南北朝是香熏的发展阶段，具有男子熏衣和文人参与的特色，而祭祀用香以及道教斋醮科仪等基本定型，香药的医疗经验不断积累，香方用途逐渐扩大；隋唐两宋是香熏的鼎盛时期，表现为香熏活动制度化、贵族斗香及文人品香制香，至于医疗用香，不论是香药的品种，还是运用经验、香方配制都有了很大的发展；元明清是香熏在民间的普及流行时期，香熏渗入到贵族文人生活的方方面面，不论是香熏器具，还是香药的种类，均有了进一步的发展，天然花果香开始出现。香熏外治法也开始应于临床各科和遗体防腐。经历了数千年的发展，香熏已逐渐发展为一种香文化。

It has a long history of the fragrance activities in the ancient China. During the period of pre-Qin, it was mainly used in the therapy and worship. Until the Three Kingdoms, the crowd using the fra- grance expanded from the royal to the literati and the general officials. People applied the spices to incense clothes, purify rooms, prevent and treat epidemic diseases in daily. In the worship, the spices were dedica- ted to Gods and other fairies. The fragrance was developed quickly during the period from Wei Dynasty to South and North Dynasties. People had more experiences of spices used as medicines, the formula of spices were used more widely. Then, during the period from Sui Dynasty to Song Dynasty, the fragrance activities climbed to the peak. The fragrance activities were institutionalized, when nobility matched their spices each other. The Literati made spice products and enjoyed the fragrance activities. Doctors knew more than before in the application experiences and species of spices. In the times of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty, the fra- grance activities spread among the public. The spices appeared in each side of the daily life of nobility, when natural fruits appeared in the fragrance activities. External therapy with spices appeared in the clini- cal. In addition to prevention and therapy, spices should be used in the embalming. After a long period, the fragrance activities had gradually developed into a kind of culture.