建筑物出口条件对人员疏散的影响分析

Influences of Building Exit Conditions on Pedestrian Evacuation

人员疏散是建筑安全性能设计中考虑的关键因素,建筑出口条件又是人员疏散的关键环节。研究人员对疏散问题,采用疏散仿真模型对人群疏散进行了仿真,着重研究了出口条件对疏散时间的影响。为保证安全,对于单出口的建筑物,出口宽度有一个理想临界值d≈0.1w(w为包括出口在内的墙总长),使出口宽度大于临界值,减少了阻塞现象,提高疏散效率。对于双出口分布在同一面墙上的正方形建筑,出口间距S≈0.2w,疏散用时最小,并对于方形建筑的理想临界值S会随着建筑物较短的墙宽度减小而增加。仿真表明,双出口分布在不同墙面上方式比没有双出口分布在同一面墙疏散效率高,为建筑物出口设计提供了参考依据。

Pedestrian evacuation is the key factor to be considered when designing the building safety performance, and the exit conditions are the key to evacuation. The crowd evacuation was simulated by using the simulating model of crowd evacuation based on force, focusing on how the exit conditions affected the time of the evacuation. The result indicates that regarding the single exit＇s building, the exit width has an ideal critical value of d≈0. 1w（ w is the wall＇s total length including the exit）. When the width of the exit is greater than the threshold, it improves the efficiency of the evacuation with a reduction of congestion. For the square building where the double exits distribute in the same wall and the exit spacing is S ≈0. 2w, the evacuation is a minimum. For a square building, the ideal threshold S will increase with the width of a shorter wall of the building reducing. The double exits distributed in the same wall are more efficient than distributed in different wall. So exit conditions not only have to consider the width of exit but also have to consider the spacing and location of exits.