斜坡超速跑训练对短跑运动技术影响的生物力学分析

A Biomechanical Analysis about Slope Overspeed Running in Sprint Technique Training

运用摄像、肌电及三维力同步测试了四种不同斜坡超速跑训练,结果表明:斜坡超速跑训练改变了运动员着地腿支撑时间的分配,使缓冲时间明显变短,蹬伸距离明显增长,缓冲时间/后蹬时间及支撑时间/腾空时间两个比值更趋向合理;摆动腿摆幅更大,离地时髋角较小,大腿剪绞速度显著提高,因而有利于人体质心提速;斜坡跑摆动腿膝关节速度、着地腿"扒地"速度均显著高于平道跑,这使运动员着地时拥有更小的支撑膝角与髋角,从而有利于SSC功能的发挥;斜坡跑引起支撑腿刚度显著改变,而刚度的变化可能是由于运动员力平台腿着地方式的改变所致,从而影响到支撑腿压力中心移动的幅度和速度;斜坡坡角大小对超速训练效果影响较大,2°、3°斜坡既能增大运动员的跑速,又不影响运动员跑的动作技术结构,因而被确定为本次实验对象的最佳坡角。

The camera,electromyography,and three-dimensional force simultaneously technique was used to test four different slopes running speed training,results showed that the slope overspeed training changed the touchdown legs of time allocation and make the buffer time significantly shorter,frog stretch distance increase significantly,the two ratio of the Buffer Time/Back Step time and support time/empty out time tend to more reasonable level;The slope overspeed training made swing leg swing breadth larger,a smaller hip angle of leave off the ground,thigh scissors speed increase significantly which are conducive to raising speed of human physical mass centre;The slope running has faster speed of swing leg knee-joint and faster＂pawing＂ speed of touchdown legs than Level Road run which makes a smaller knee angle and hip angle when the athlete touch ground,Thus facilitating the SSC fulfilling its functions;The slope overspeed running caused leg stiffness changes significantly and its reason is due to slope running brought the pressure center of touchdown legs shift to backward range larger and faster,which changes of athletes legs touchdown manners;The slope angle size has greater impact on running training effect,2° or 3° slope can increase the athletes running speed,without affecting the athletes running action technical structure,which have been determined the best-oriented slope angle for this experiments objects.