西北荒漠区新旧民居建筑热环境分析

Analysis on Indoor Thermal Environment of New and Traditional Residential Buildings in Desert Region in North-western China

我国西北荒漠地区气候严酷,当地传统民居却具有良好的气候适应性;而根据气候设计原理在银川地区兴建的示范型生态民居虽保留了一定的传统民居优势,但也暴露出了难以避免的缺陷。本文通过对传统民居和新型民居建筑物理环境的对比测试,探索了新型民居所存在问题的根源,而后借鉴传统民居设计与构造的方法和思路,为新型民居的设计提供了理论基础。测试结果表明:新型民居草砖与空心砖的复合墙体保温性良好,冬季室内空气温度高于传统民居,热稳定性有所提高;门窗密闭性优良,可消除冷风渗透现象;内壁面温度有所提高,减少了冷辐射感;热舒适性大大提升,同时室内空气品质亦有巨大改善,益于人体健康。传统民居室内略冷,但土坯墙体和草泥屋顶造价低廉,热工性能尚可,值得借鉴。在新型民居的建设中,传统民居的功能布局、结构构造和施工工艺亟待改进,但其采用生态建筑材料、注重室内外环境、与生产生活紧密结合的优良传统值得保留借鉴。

Climate in the region of north-western China is rigid,while local traditional residential buildings have good climate adaptability.Although the new type of ecological residential buildings which were designed according to the climate design theory had inherited certain advantages from traditional one,a few inevitable disadvantages were exposed.In this paper,through comparative analysis of indoor thermal environment,essential causes of problems in new residential buildings were given out.Meanwhile,theoretical foundation for the design of new residential buildings was provided.The experimental results shown that the composite wall of grass brick and hollow brick of new residential buildings had good heat insulation performance,the indoor air temperature was higher than the traditional residential buildings in winter,and the thermal stability was improved.Also the tightness performance of door and window was good,and the cold wind infiltration could be eliminated.Moreover,the temperature of inner wall surface was increased and the cold radiation was reduced.As a result,the thermal comfort was greatly improved,and the indoor air quality was greatly improved and beneficial to human body simultaneously.On the other hand,the indoor temperature of traditional residential buildings was lower,however,the cost of adobe wall and grass mud roof was low,and the thermal performance was moderate,which was worth learning from.In the construction of new residential buildings,the functional layout,structure and construction process of traditional residential buildings were to be improved,however,it was worth maintaining and learning from the good traditions of adopting ecological building material,attaching importance to indoor and outdoor environment,and closely combing with production and lives.