生态单元制图在国外自然保护和城乡规划中的发展与应用

Development and Application of Biotope Mapping in Nature Conservation and Urban-rural Planning in Foreign Countries

生态单元制图作为景观生态学研究方法之一,能够提供研究区域内基础详细的、保护或规划定向的、便于使用的生物学和生态学信息,该方法已经成为一些国家自然保护和城乡规划工作的基本工具。论文首先简明介绍了生态单元的定义和功能以及制图的两种主要方法。着重探讨了生态单元制图在国外30多年不同阶段的发展历程,并分析了生态单元制图在自然保护和城乡规划中应用的3个方面:物种和生境保护、土地利用规划和管理以及不同尺度景观规划和管理。另外,论文还对生态单元制图中存在的问题和不足以及深入研究的思路进行探讨。目前生态单元制图研究中存在的问题主要集中在生态单元调查的主观性、制图比例尺和G IS技术等方面。最后分析了生态单元制图在我国的研究现状以及生态单元制图在我国自然保护和城乡规划中应用的前景。

The purpose of this paper gives an overview of the development of biotope mapping in nature conservation and urban-rural planning in the developed countries during more than 30 years. The definition and ecological functions of the biotope and two main approaches of the bio- tope mapping are introduced. Development and applications of biotope mapping in foreign countries during more than 30 years was elaborated. It primarily elaborated on three periods of biotope mapping development in foreign countries during more than 30 years： 1 ） initial biotope mapping （1974 -1986） ; 2） development of biotope mapping （1986 - 1997） ; and 3） extended biotope mapping （1997 -present）. And three aspects applications of biotope mapping in nature conservation and urban-rural planning were identified ： 1 ） species and habitat conservation ; 2 ） land use planning and management; and 3） landscape planning and management. The problems and deficiencies in current biotope mapping studies were also discussed. The problems mainly focus on subjectivity in biotope investigation, map scales and application of GIS technology. It is found that biotope mapping has been a basic tool for nature conservation and urban-rural planning in foreign countries, because it is capable of offering basic, conservation- or planning-oriented and usable biological and ecological information about research area. Current situation and prospect of application of biotope mapping in nature conservation and urban-rural planning in China were also analyzed.