中国生态农业的发展与展望

Progress and Perspectives of China’s Ecological Agriculture

农业是国民经济的基础,在通过科学技术进步和土地集约化利用取得巨大成绩的同时,也造成了生态与环境问题的日益加剧。在这一形势下,人类社会开始反思农业发展的政策、模式和技术,认识到农业的发展,不仅要提高产量以满足人们对农产品的数量需求,还要提高产品质量,保障食物安全,发挥农业生态系统的多种功能。20世纪后期,中国生态学家和农学家共同提出了具有中国特色的生态农业概念。经过近30年的实践和发展,中国生态农业建立了较为完善的理论体系,总结了一系列适应中国国情的成功模式,开展了不同层面的生态农业建设试点,取得了显著的成效,并得到国际社会的广泛承认与赞扬。但也存在一些问题,如对农业的多种生态服务功能没有给予充分的重视,缺乏市场化引导、规模化经营、专业化生产和品牌化推广等。面对着新时期社会经济发展的特点与资源环境瓶颈,中国生态农业需要在产业循环、多功能化、高品质、产业化以及融合传统知识精华与现代科学技术、实现农村可持续发展等方面多做努力。

Agriculture is the basis of national economy.With advancements in science and technology as well as an intensive utilization of land,great achievements have been made in agriculture.Meanwhile,some agro-ecological and environmental problems are arising from the processes.Being faced with the situations,people have begun to reflect on policies,patterns and technologies associated with agricultural development,and put forward new concepts on agricultural development in succession.There is growing awareness that development of agriculture can not only increase the amount of food and agricultural products to meet people＇s increasing demand,but also improve product quality,insurance of food safety,exertion of ecosystem functions,and maintenance and restoration of the ecological environment.In the late 20th century,China＇s ecologists and agronomists proposed a concept of ecological agriculture with Chinese characteristics,i.e.,the ecological agriculture is derived from systematic thoughts in terms of the principles of ecology,economics,and ecological economics,with application of modern scientific and technological achievements and modern management tools,as well as effective experience in traditional agriculture.It is the modern agricultural development mode which results in a higher economic profit,ecological and social benefits.Its essence contains a series of concepts,such as integration,coordination,circulation and regeneration.After nearly 30 years of practice and development,ecological agriculture in China has achieved substantial progress,i.e.,1） established a theoretical system and summarized successful experience;2） carried out eco-agricultural demonstration at the county-level pilots and achieved significant effects;and 3） China’s eco-agriculture has been widely recognized and praised by the international community and become one of the first selected units on the agricultural cultural heritage.However,current eco-agricultural development is not perfect due to the following factors： 1） it still falls short of further research and accounting on a variety of agro-ecosystem service functions;and 2） it is difficult to gain great economic benefits because of the lack of market-oriented guidance,scale management,specialized production and brand popularization for traditional self-sufficient rural economy.Development of society currently presents a new situation giving rise to a series of new problems.Progress in science broads our views and provides new means for resolving such issues.In order to further promote the development of ecological agriculture,serious reflections on ecological agriculture would result in new understanding of circular agriculture,multifunctional agriculture,high-quality agriculture and cultural agriculture in China.