艺术何以可能？

What Makes Art Art?

艺术社会学的通常研究试图处理"艺术是什么"的哲学命题。由于过分强调审美的时代和社会条件,常常招致"庸俗社会学"的批评。美国社会学家霍华德.贝克尔①充分意识到这一点,将问题视角转向"艺术何以可能"。从20世纪70年代开始,他将艺术视为集体行动,研究多方参与者构成的不同"艺术世界",并尝试以"常规"作为中心概念来分析艺术世界里形形色色的社会互动,形成了一系列研究成果,其中最为著名的就是1982出版的《艺术世界》。以两个核心概念为线索,本文结合包括音乐、绘画、雕塑、电影和其他艺术门类的现象评述了《艺术世界》和贝克尔的其他一些相关研究,并对他拓展一般社会学行动理论的努力进行了讨论。

The typical research of the Sociology of Art tries to deal with the philosophical proposition about ＂What is Art＂.As emphasized too much about the social constraint on aesthetic issues,it was often criticized as ＂vulgar sociology＂.Howard.S.Becker realized it and converted the perspective to ＂What makes Art Art＂.From the 1970s,Becker finished a series of researches about art worlds consisted of various social actors,from the angle of ＂collective action＂.He also discussed the social interactions in these art worlds,with ＂convention＂ as a conceptual tool.＂Art Worlds＂ published in 1982 would be the most famous among these researches.In this article,the author mainly reviewed this book and some other Becker＇s works,with taking some examples about the areas of music,paint,sculpture,movie,etc;and then,criticized his struggles for developing the general theoretical framework of social actions.