不同施肥处理对番茄产量品质及土壤有效态重金属含量的影响

Influence of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Tomato Yield,Quality,and the Content of Available Heavy Metals in Soil

以露地番茄(Solanum lycopersicom L.)为试材,进行了施用有机肥、无机肥及有机无机肥配施对番茄产量、品质和土壤有效态重金属含量的影响研究。结果表明,在施氮量相同条件下,有机肥与无机肥配施番茄产量增幅较大,以6∶4养分配施比例产量最高,总产量比对照提高了15.6%。施用无机肥番茄果实可溶性糖含量和可滴定酸含量较高,维生素C含量以施用有机肥处理的最高;番茄果实的营养品质和口感以施用有机肥处理的最佳。番茄果实中可溶性糖、酸和维生素C含量的变化规律与肥料施用无相关性,可能是受番茄产量高低的影响。施用有机肥番茄果实硝酸盐含量明显低于施用无机肥和有机无机肥配施处理,亚硝酸盐含量则以施用无机肥和低有机肥配施量处理的含量较低。施肥有明显降低番茄果实Hg含量的作用,但却提高了Pb和As含量,对Cu、Zn和Cd含量的影响较小;施用有机肥可显著降低番茄果实Cr含量。施肥提高了土壤有效态Zn和Cd含量,降低了土壤有效态Pb含量,对土壤有效态Cr和As含量的影响较小;施用有机肥使土壤有效态Cu含量显著降低,而使土壤有效态Hg的含量提高;施用无机肥可提高土壤有效态Cu的含量。不同施肥处理番茄果实重金属含量变化与土壤有效态重金属含量变化不一致的主要原因,可能是由于施肥改变了番茄的生物产量,从而产生对植株吸收重金属元素的生物稀释作用造成。各试验处理番茄果实硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐及重金属含量均远低于国家蔬菜或食品中污染物限量标准,说明合理施用有机肥、无机肥和有机无机肥配施不会造成番茄果实硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐以及重金属污染。

In this study,a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of organic and chemical fertilizers on the yield,quality of tomato（Solanum lycopersicom L.）and on the content of available heavy metal elements in tomato fruit and soil.The results showed that incorporated application of organic and chemical fertilizers significantly increased the tomato yield when nitrogen application was identical.The highest total yield of tomato was found in the treatment which combined rate of organic and chemical fertilizer was 6：4,and the total yield increased by 15.6% compared with the control.We found that the contents of soluble sugar and organic acid in fruit increased in chemical fertilizer treatment,but the content of Vc was the highest in the organic fertilizer treatment.Comparatively,the fruit taste and nutritional quality of fruits were the best in organic fertilizer treatment.However statistical results indicated there were no obvious relativity between the content of soluble sugar,organic acid or Vc and the treatments of fertilizer.In addition,the nitrate concentration of fruit was lower in treatment of organic fertilizer than that of in treatment of organic or in incorporated treatment of organic and chemical fertilizer,but the nitrite concentration of fruit was comparatively lower in the chemical fertilizer treatment or in low rate of organic fertilizer treatment.Our study also indicated that（1）In incorporated treatment of organic and chemical fertilizer,the content of Hg in tomato fruits significantly decreased comparing with the control treatment,but the contents of Pb and As increased,meanwhile concentration of Cu,Zn,and Cd in tomato fruits did not have obvious change.In the same treatment,the contents of available Pb decreased;the concentration of available Cr,As did not have obvious change（.2）In treatment of organic fertilizer,content of available Cu in soil was decreased significantly,but content of available Hg decreased.（3）In treatment of chemical fertilizer,the concentration of available Cu in soil could be raised.