从“言之有据”到“言而有信”——试论汉语的言据性

From Evidentiality to Credibility:On the Chinese Evidentiality

言据性是指说话人对信息或知识来源以及对信息或知识可靠程度的说明。言据性在语法层的体现被称为据素或据素标记。既有的研究主要从言据性的形式标记等语法层面对汉语的言据性提出了很有见地的看法,即说话要"言之有据"。其实,我们认为说话更要"言而有信"。本文运用既有的理论模式分析典型例句的据素标记,并尝试探讨除了言据性本身的程度和取向外影响汉语言据性的主要因素,即言语行为者的身份地位、其主观上是否愿意对所说的话负责以及他是否故意在撒谎等事实。这些因素都会影响到其言据性。

Evidentiality is about the speaker＇s expression of source of information and his commitment to the reliability of information.The linguistic forms of evidientiality are termed evidentials or evidential markers.Professor ZHU Yongsheng analyzes and examines Chinese evidentiality in terms of its lexical markers,which indicates what one says must be evidential.Following ZHU＇s theory,this paper aims to analyze some typical utterances in addition to the introduction of some other influential factors affecting the speaker＇s validity besides the degrees and orientations of Chinese evidentiality,namely the speaker＇s social status,his willingness to be responsible for what he says,and the intention whether he tells a lie purposely or not.All these factors may influence the evidentiality of Chinese language.