排球扣球起跳及专项力量特征的综合研究

Comprehensive study of the characteristics of jumping up for a volleyball smash and dedicated power

以排球运动员4号位上步扣球的起跳动作为研究对象,通过摄像、足底压力和肌电多机同步测试结合等速测试来准确获得排球运动员上步扣球起跳过程中的运动学、动力学和生物学参数,结果表明,排球运动员起跳过程下肢伸肌群完成的是"拉长-缩短周期"收缩,因此训练中要加强下肢伸肌群超等长力量素质的训练;排球运动员在上步扣球起跳过程中足底压力随时间变化呈双峰形曲线,足底压力随时间变化的特点是影响起跳效果的重要因素,因此训练中要重视运动员快速起跳能力的训练;排球运动员臀大肌、股四头肌和小腿三头肌等伸肌群在起跳过程中发挥着重要的作用,因此训练中要重视下肢伸肌群起跳能力的训练;排球运动员下肢多关节等速深蹲起测试结果表明下肢肌肉工作特点与起跳动作的蹬伸阶段具有相似性,提示可以利用先进的等速测试与训练系统进行排球运动员下肢专项力量的训练。

Basing their study subject on the jumping move of a volleyball player to make a smash at the #4 position,by means of video shooting,synchronous sole pressure and myoelectricity testing coupled with constant speed testing,the authors accurately acquired the kinematical,dynamical and biological parameters shown in the process of a volleyball player jumping up for a smash,and revealed the following findings： in the process of a volleyball player jumping up,what was completed by the extensor groups of the lower limbs was a ＂cycle of extending and retracting＂ contraction,therefore the training for the capacity of super isometric power of the extensor groups of the lower limbs should be strengthened during the training;in the process of a volleyball player jumping up for a smash,the sole pressure showed a twin peak shape curve as the time changes,the characteristic of the sole pressure varying with the time is an important factor that affects the jumping result,therefore during the training attention should be paid to the training of the player’s quick jumping ability;the extensor groups of a volleyball player,such as the gluteus maximus,quadriceps femoris and triceps surae,play an important role in the process of jumping up,therefore during the training attention should be showered on the training for the jumping ability of the extensor groups of the lower limbs;the test results of constant speed squatting down and up of the lower limb joints of volleyball players indicated that the working characteristics of the lower limb muscles are similar to those at the lift off stage of the jumping move,which hints that we can carry out dedicated lower limb power training for volleyball players by utilizing the advanced constant speed test and training system.