国际互惠的基本类型及其伦理取向——兼论国家利他主义的动力根源

Reciprocal Altruism in International Relations:Basic Types,Ethical Orientation and Dynamic Origin——With Respect to the Dynamic Origin of State Altruism

人类社会存在三种互惠模式——亲缘互惠、弱互惠(即互惠利他)和强互惠,与此对应,国际关系的三大互惠模式分别为同质性互惠、互利性互惠和共同体互惠。三大互惠如果从行为上分析,均具有利他的结果,因而不能有效区分彼此。但如果从动机和伦理取向上划分则简单明了,亲缘互惠和弱互惠表现为"开明的自利",价值指向是自我,而强互惠表现为"无私利他",价值指向是他人。互惠研究除了探求互惠本身蕴含的伦理取向外,还必须深刻探求这种伦理取向的动力源,即施动者伦理意义上的利他性和利己性的动力源是什么?亚当.斯密陷入了"因为行为体天生具有双重经济秉性从而既会利他又会利己"的循环论解释,而马克思关于人的本质的看法,即人是"一切社会关系的总和"为国际关系理论中国家本性的生成提供了更优的解释,因而对"国家伦理取向的动力源"问题的回答坚持的是实践本体论。

There are three general patterns of reciprocity in IR,namely reciprocity of homogeneity,reciprocity of mutual benefit,and community reciprocity.Studies of reciprocity not only attend to the ethical orientation of reciprocity,but also explore the dynamic origin of the ethical orientation.In other words,if elfishness and selflessness of a state can both lead to altruism behaviors,then,in the sense of ethical orientation,what is the dynamic origin of these behaviors？ Adam Smith was trapped in the tautological explanation that ＂since the actor is inherently both selfish and selfless,he can be both self-serving and other-serving＂.Marx＇s view of human nature that people are ＂the sum total of all social relations＂ provides a much better explanation for understanding the nature of states in IR theory.Therefore,the basic answer to the question of dynamic origin of the duel ethical orientation of a state is ontology of practice.