马克思经济危机理论的争议与评价

Dispute and Evaluation of Marx's Economic Crisis Theory

普鲁东、通货学派及奥地利学派等认为经济危机源于政府信贷过度膨胀,马克思则把经济危机归因于资本主义市场体系的内在错误。20世纪以来依次流行着饱受各种批评的三个危机理论都片面地强调了资本主义经济发展的某些方面,其致命缺陷在于不能从整体上把握资本主义生产的性质,不足以支撑作为危机理论所需要的解释力。马克思扬弃了前人孤立考察危机的局限性,始终把上述各种因素作为一个互相之间不可割裂的整体,从资本主义生产现实运动的整体过程去把握危机成因秘密。马克思虽然判定资本主义达到了它的极限,但这个极限应该是逻辑性的,存在着周期,存在着危机,但没有特定的历史限期。因此,危机应当在逻辑上理解为一个经济运行系统寿命的最后终结和资本主义存在的内在极限。

It is thought, by M. Proudhon, Currency School and Austria School, that economic crisis originates from excess expansion of government＇s trust, while Marx attributes it to internal mistakes in capitalist market system. Since 1990s, consecutively, the three theories about crisis, suffering kinds of criticism, unilaterally emphasize some aspects in capitalist economic development, their fatal defects lying in the fact that they cannot grasp the nature of capitalist production and not enough to explain the crisis theory. Marx abandons the limitation by formers examining crisis isolatedly, always takes all the above factors as an unseparable whole, and grasps the secret of crisis formation from the whole process of real capitalist production. Marx judges that capitalism reaches its limit, but the limit should be logical with cycles and crises, no certain historical time limit. Therefore, crisis should be logically regarded as an ultimate terminal to the life of economic operation system and internal limit of the existence of capitalism.