思想与语言、语言二重性、差别与“区-分”以及语言创造性——海德格尔与索绪尔的对话

On the Relation between Thought and Language,the Duality of Language,the Comparison between Difference and Dif-ference,and the Creativity of Language——A Dialogue between Heidegger and Saussure

本文指出索绪尔与海德格尔语言观的下述异同点:在思想和语言的关系问题上,两者的差别仅在于不同的论证角度;在语言的二重性思考方面,两者具有相似的分类体系,且海德格尔的语言哲学观继承和发展了三H理论;索绪尔的差别系统缺乏海德格尔"区-分"中的一分为二与合二为一的统一层面;在论述语言的创造性方面,索绪尔未考虑组合和聚合关系两者何者为先的问题,而海德格尔强调"诗意的栖居"乃是语言创造性的真谛。两者争论的焦点可归结为,语言研究是提供关于语言的知识还是在语言中取得一种经验。同时,本文还指出这种对话能够带来的必要与有益的反思。

The paper highlights the following different and similar aspects between Saussure’s and Heidegger’s conceptions of language. In terms of the relation of thought and language the disagreement between Saussure and Heidegger appears only in their perspectives. Upon the duality of language,they possess the parallel classifications and Heidegger’s conception of language originated from The Hamann-Herder-Humbodt tradition. In contrast to Heidegger’s conception of dif-ference,Saussure’s system of difference lacks the unity of both the division of one sign into the signifier and signified and the combination of the two into one. Saussure fails in accounting for the priority of the associative relation over the syntagmatic one while Heidegger emphasizes ＂poetic dwelling＂. The above differences lead to the fundamental gap between Saussure and Heidegger concerning the question whether the study of language is to provide the knowledge about language or to dwell in the house of Being. The paper also marks out the necessary reflections brought about by this dialogue.