1994～2006年中国人为源大气氨排放时空分布

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Anthropogenic Ammonia Emissions in China:1994-2006

大气中的氨对酸沉降、区域细粒子、水体富营养化等重要环节问题都有直接或间接的影响.对我国人为源大气氨排放进行估算可以为酸沉降和区域细粒子污染控制对策的制定提供依据.利用排放因子法,基于牲畜养殖、化肥施用、化工生产、人体呼吸排汗和排泄等部门的排放因子和分省活动水平,建立了1994～2006年我国分省分部门的大气氨排放清单,分析了其历史变化趋势和地理分布特征.2006年,全国大气氨排放量从1994年的11.06Mt增长到16.07Mt.其中,牲畜养殖、化肥施用、化工生产、人呼吸排汗和排泄的氨排放分别从1994年的4.47、5.94、0.09、0.59Mt增长到2006年的6.61、8.68、0.14、0.65Mt.牲畜养殖和化肥施用是最主要的氨排放源,分别贡献了2006年氨排放总量的40.79%和53.53%.2006年,全国平均的氨排放强度为1.67t·km-2,但是全国大气氨排放量的地理分布很不均衡,河南、山东、四川、河北、江苏等省的排放量分别为11.0%、9.7%、6.9%、6.7%、6.6%,共占全国总排放量的40.82%.

Ammonia has both direct and indirect impacts on important environmental issues including acid deposition,regional fine particles and eutrophication.Estimation of anthropogenic ammonia emissions will provide valuable information for the pollution control of acid deposition and regional fine particle.Based on the provincial activity data on N-fertilizer application,livestock farming,Nfertilizer production and populations,this paper uses emission factor method to estimate China＇s atmospheric ammonia emissions,analyzes its historical trends and presents its geographical distributions from year 1994 to 2006.The national total atmospheric ammonia emissions are estimated to be 11.06 million tons （Mt） in 1994,which increase quickly to 16.07 Mt in 2006.Emissions from livestock farming,N-fertilizer application,N-fertilizer production and human excreta have increased from 4.47 Mt,5.94 Mt,0.09 Mt,and 0.59 Mt in 1994 to 6.61 Mt,8.68 Mt,0.14 Mt,0.65 Mt respectively in 2006.Livestock farming and N-fertilizer application are the most important ammonia emission sources,which contributed 40.79 and 55.53 percent of total emissions respectively in 2006.In 2006,the average ammonia emission intensity is 1.67 t·km-2 but there are large variations among atmospheric ammonia emissions from each province.Emissions from provinces including Henan,Shandong,Hebei,Sichuan and Jiangsu accounted for 40.82 percent of national emissions.