北京东灵山地区森林的物种多样性和景观格局多样性研究

STUDIES ON SPECIES AND PATTERN DIVERSITIES OF THE FOREST LANDSCAPES OF DONGLINGSHAN MOUNTAIN REGION,BEIJING,CHINA

选取北京东灵山地区暖温带落叶阔叶林中７种主要森林和１个灌丛类型的１１个样方，通过比较这些类型的物种多样性（物种丰富度和Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ指数）和相关的环境因子，及运用亲和度分析测度景观格局多样性，揭示了这些类型物种多样性的差异，与环境因子的关系，及其空间分布规律。结果显示：１）各森林类型乔木层物种丰富度均较低，灌木层和草本层物种丰富度较高。大多数森林类型中，物种丰富度的垂直结构是：草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层。２）各森林类型的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ指数同物种丰富度具有相似的规律。３）落叶松林（Ⅲ－１）和白桦林（Ⅴ－１）两种类型具有特殊的物种多样性垂直结构特征，灌木层的物种多样性高度发育。４）所有森林类型中，均未发现环境因子与物种多样性有明显的关系，仅坡位和坡向存在一些影响。５）亲和度分析表明，镶嵌多样性值为７．１５４１＞３，意味着该区没有明显强烈的环境梯度，景观是复杂的，由多个梯度控制。根据平均亲和度值，可将这些森林类型划分为３部分，即中心点（ｍｏｄａｌｓｉｔｅｓ），类型Ⅱ－２（油松林），Ⅵ－１（山杨林）及Ⅶ－１（核桃楸林），它们的普遍种较多或物种数目多，代表了该区的典型生境。外点（ｏｕｔｌｉｅｒ）是类型Ⅱ－１（油松林），它?

The warm temperate zone deciduous broad leaved forest has been seriously destroyed in Donglingshan Mountain region,Beijing,China.A total of 11 plots with 8 main forest types were chosen in this study.By comparing species diversity and the environmental factors,and measuring landscape pattern diversity with Affinity Analysis,the differences among these types,their correlation to the environmental factors,and their spatial distributing regularity were disclosed.The results show that,1)Species richness of tree layer was low,whereas it were higher in shrub and grass layers in all these forest types.The vertical structure of species richness was grass layer>shrub layer>tree layer in most forest types.2)Shannon index of the forest types had similar regularity with that of species richness.3)No environmental factor had obvious correlation with species diversity,except slope position and aspect.4)Affinity analysis showed that,mosaic diversity was 7 1541>3.There was no obvious strong environmental gradient in this region.The landscape was complex and dominated by multiple gradients.These main forest types could be divided into 3 parts according to the mean affinity,i.e.,modal sites,Ⅱ 2,Ⅵ 1 and Ⅶ 1,which were rich in common species or had more species number,represented the typical habitats of the mountain region;outlier site,Ⅱ 1,which had fewer common species or less species number with the typical forest types;and moderate sites with forest types Ⅵ 2>Ⅲ 2>Ⅷ 1>Ⅲ 1>Ⅰ 1>Ⅴ 1> Ⅳ 1,which had moderate species diversity and common species,occupied most of the mountain habitats.The order of forest types occording to mean similarity was Ⅱ 2>Ⅵ 1>Ⅶ 1> Ⅲ 2>Ⅵ 2>Ⅷ 1>Ⅲ 1>Ⅴ 1>Ⅳ 1>Ⅰ 1>Ⅱ 1.The neighbouring forest types had more common species and they possibly distributed in space adjacently or in similar habitat.