1BOLDT J.Fluid choice for resuscitation of the trauma patient:a review of the physiological,pharmacological and clinical evidence[J].Can J Anesth,2004,51(5):500-513.
2OGDEN A T,MAYER S A,CONNOLLY E S,et al.Hyperosmolar agent in neurosurgical practice:the evolving role of hypertonic saline[J].Neurosurgery,2005,57(2):207-215.
3TOUNG T J,CHEN C H,LIN C,et al.Osmothertapy with hypertonic saline attenuates water content in brain and extracerebral organs[J].Crit Care Med,2007,35(2):526-531.
5GURFINKEL V,POGGETTI R S,FONTES B,et al.Hypertonic saline improves tissue oxygenation and reduces systemic and pulmonary inflammatory respinse caused by hemorrhagic shock[J].J Trauma,2003,54(6):1137-1145.
6PASCUAL J L,KHWAJA K A,FERRI L E,et al.Hypertonic saline resuscitation arrenuates neutrophil lung sequestration and transmigration by diminutesishing leukocyte-endothelia interactions in a two-hit model of hemorrhagic shock and infection[J].J Trauma,2003,54(1):121-130.
8PINTO F C,CAPONE NETO A,PRIST R,et al.Volumme replacement with lactated Ringer's or 3% hypertonic saline solution during combined experimental hemorrhagic schock and traumatic brain injury[J].J Trauma,2006,60(4):758-764.
9BENTSEN G,BREIVIK H,LUNDAR T,et al.Hypertonic saline (7.2%) in 6% hydroxyethyl starch reduces intracranial pressure and improves hemodynamaics in placebo-controlled study involing stable patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].Crit Care Med,2006,34(12):2612-2617.
7Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, et al. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study [J]. Crit Care Med, 2006,34(2) : 344-353.
8Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et, al. Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004,32 (3) : 858-873.
9Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference [J]. Crit Care Med,2003,31(4) :1250-1256.
10Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States:analysis of incidence,out-come,and associated costs of care[J]. Crit Care Med, 2001,29 (7) : 1303-1310.