清代绥德直隶州土地垦殖及其对生态环境的影响

The land reclamation and its Driving Force Analysisin Suide-zhou during Qing Dynasty

通过耕作区域选择和垦殖重审清代陕北黄土高原土地垦殖及其对侵蚀环境的影响是本文的研究重点。研究工作表明,研究区在清代呈现为一个由土地垦殖的初步恢复到土地垦殖度的增强、垦殖范围的扩大,再至战乱、自然灾害后期的重建以及民国时期土地垦殖发展的过程。地貌的复杂性、降水的不稳定性,对土地开垦造成客观限制;政策制度的推行对土地开垦起到主导作用;而人口因素是土地开垦的根本动力。土地开垦的区域随不同时期的人口变化而呈现显著差异,同时,绥德民众对耕作区内不同耕作区地貌的开发、利用成为联系侵蚀环境和土地垦殖关系的关键性环节。耕作区域的耕作层遭受到不同程度的不均匀侵蚀,土地质量亦受到不同程度的影响,侵蚀环境则随耕作部位的垂直性变化而发生变化。这种恶化是地理环境系统自我调节能力的减弱,继而引发土壤侵蚀的加剧,并呈现为人为加速侵蚀和自然侵蚀交相混合的共同作用。

This paper reconsiders the relationship between land use and erosion environment in loess plateau of the north of sha＇anxi through the analysis of settlements＇ environment and takes the key district of ecologically fragile area,where the improvement of the environment is urgently needed,as the focus of the study.The paper thought that population pressure,production pattern and cultivation region are the main aspects of land use changes in loess plateau gully region,loess gulled-hilly area,loess hilly and gully region.Soil erosion had positive correlation with population changes in time domain and natural erosion and man-made accelerated erosion had double effects on soil erosion in space.And human activities became the important actor on the environment changes.Soil erosion became more and more serious with the steeper cultivation positions from slope land to beam top.With human activities＇action,the cultivation position began to change soil and water loss.And erosion environment also began to change because of the changes of the cultivation position.