汉语存在句的构式语法研究

A Construction Grammar Approach to Existential Sentences in Chinese

存在句作为一种构式所对应的原型语义意义是"某地方存在某人或某物",其语用意义是宣告某人或某物的存在,并将其带入听众的意识之中。存在构式可分析为三个语义成分:即方位成分、存在谓词和存在主体。存在句表达的构式意义在其各构成成分原型意义的基础上整合而成;这种意义一经形成,便反过来制约各构成成分。存在句各构成成分在原型语义特征的基础上形成各自不同的扩展形式。三个成分之间、它们各自和整个构式之间相互联系、相互制约。这种分析解释了不同类型的方位成分、存在谓词和存在主体获得相关构式意义的理据及其相互作用的机制。

A construction is the pairing of meaning and form.The prototypical semantic meaning paired with the characteristic form of the Chinese existential construction is ＂there exists some person or thing in a certain place＂.Pragmatically it asserts the existence of that person or thing,thus brings it into the awareness of the hearer.The Chinese existential construction can be analyzed into：Locative Element ＋ Existential Predicator ＋ Existent,each having its own prototypical meaning.The interaction and the integration of the prototypical meaning of the parts result in the prototypical meaning of the whole construction,which,once formed,exerts constraints on the parts in turn.After an analysis of the prototypical semantic features of the three elements and their systematic extensions,this article dwells on the interactive relationship between the three elements and that between each element and the construction.Such analysis helps reveal the motivation of how each element acquired the relevant meaning under the constraint of the construction and mechanism of the interaction between the three elements.