日本近世大名的文化类型

Cultural Types of Daimyo in Early Modern Japan

日本的近世大名,按照与德川家关系的亲疏、领地规模的大小、朝廷官位的高低、江户城殿席的座次,分为不同的文化类型,享受不同的待遇。尽管大名的文化类型和待遇迥异,但是,他们在金字塔型的武士阶级内部,是仅次于将军的上级武士;在幕藩体制下,是自己领国的最高统治者。令人不可思议的是,这些堂堂的一方诸侯和军事统帅,既无独立的经济基础,又无权擅自用兵,政治地位与经济实力严重脱节,有权、有兵而无金钱。幕府建立之初就面临经济困难,尽管采取了种种措施,甚至不惜减少家臣的俸禄、裁减家臣的数量,还是免不了债台高筑。

Depending on how close they were to the ruling Tokugawa family, the size of the fiefs they held, their ranks in the royal court and their seat positions in the Eto palace, the daimyo, or lords, in early modern Japan fell into different categories with different privileges and rights. Different as they were in types and privileges and rights, in the hierarchy of warriors the daimyo ranked next only to shogun or military commanders. In the bakufu or shogunate system, the daimyo were supreme rulers of their own territories. Quite interestingly, however, these territorial lords and military commanders were not economically independent, nor did they have independent authority to command their military forces. With ruling power and in command of military forces, but without much money, their political power by no means matched their economic strength. In fact, right after the establishment of the shogunate, they were already facing a financial crisis. For all the measures taken including reductions of servants’ salaries and the number of servants, they were still deep in debt.