贵州傩戏文化

Nou Culture of Guizhou

傩文化是以驱疫纳吉为目的,以巫术活动为中心的古文化现象。傩戏是傩文化的载体,是由傩祭、傩舞发展起来的一种宗教与艺术相结合,娱神与娱人相结合的古朴、原始、独特的戏曲样式。贵州民间傩戏系统,主要是两个系列,三个层次。汉、苗、侗、土家、彝、仡佬等民族地区的傩戏,为一个系列,即民间傩系列。彝族傩戏"撮泰吉"完成了傩祭向傩戏的初步过渡,是傩戏的雏形,属低级层次;汉、苗、侗、土家、仡佬等民族地区的傩戏,是向单一的戏剧艺术过渡的中间层次;贵州地戏属于军傩系列,是傩戏发展的较高层次,是地道的"农民戏剧"。

Nuo opera, which functions to exorcise devils, disease and evil influences and also to pray for gods’ blessings, is a cultural phenomenon from ancient times featuring witchcraft. The very expressive medium of nuo culture, nuo opera is a uniquely simple and primitive dramatic form that combines religion and art. Deeply rooted in nuoji or nuo sacrifice and nuowu or nuo dance, nuo opera entertains both gods and people. Nuo opera of Guizhou comprises two major categories. Folk nuo opera refers to the nuo opera popular in the Han, Miao, Dong, Tujia, Yi and Gelao regions. Cuotaiji of the Yi people that represents the first developmental stage from nuoji into nuo opera is the prototype of nuo opera, while the nuo opera of the Han, Miao, Dong, Tujia and Gelao regions represents the second developmental stage. The second category, di opera that once served a military purpose, represents the third developmental stage of the art. However, Di opera now merits the name ＂peasants’ opera＂.