一道五德:儒学核心价值观的新表述

"Yi Dao Wu De":a new expression of the core values of Confucianism

先秦儒家都将"仁"作为根本之道,或作为比其他价值观念更重要的常德。汉儒受法家"三纲"理论和阴阳家"阳尊阴卑"论思想的影响,将儒学核心价值观定位为"三纲五常",偏离了先秦原儒"仁本礼用"的根本精神,但符合历代封建统治者维护纲常伦理、稳定社会秩序的政治需要。当代儒家或主张"去三纲而存五常",或提出"一本五常"论,虽然有其合理性,但混淆了儒学之"道"与"德"的体用关系,因而不是最恰当的概括。当代儒学核心价值观的重塑方向,应当摈弃"三纲"思想,重新确立"仁"的核心、道体地位。而儒学价值观体系中可作为"五常之德"的范畴,应以"义、礼、信、和、敬"最能体现"仁道"的特性。这个新的"一道五德"论,不但从本质上体现了儒学的道德人文精神,而且具有鲜明的现代性与普世性。

Scholars of Confucianism in the pre-qin period took ＂Ren＂ （benevolence） as the essential way of earthly life or as the more important moral value than others.Influenced by the theory of legalists＇ ＂Three Cardinal Guides＂ and naturalists＇ ＂Yang being venerated and Yin being humiliated＂,scholars of Confucianism in Han dynasty took ＂Three Cardinal Guides and Five Constant Virtues＂ as the core values of Confucianism,which deviated from the Confucian benevolence idea of pre-qin,but conformed with the political needs of feudal rulers to maintain the ethics and stabilize social order.As to the contemporary Confucianism,some advocate ＂removing three cardinal guides and conserving the five constant virtues＂,and others put forward the theory of ＂Yi Ben Wu Chang＂ （people-based thought and the five constant virtues）.Although both of them have their rationality,they confused the relationship between ＂Dao＂ （the essential way of earthly life） and ＂De＂ （virtue）.So when we remodel the core values of contemporary Confucianism,the thought of three cardinal guides should be removed,and benevolence as the core value and ontology of earthly life should be re-established.As ＂righteousness,courtesy,cautiousness,harmony and respect＂ can embody all the characteristics of benevolence,a new theory of ＂Yi Dao Wu De＂ is proposed,which not only reflects the humanity of Confucianism,but also has obvious characteristics of modernity and universality itself.