再论吐鲁番文书中葡萄名称问题——与刘永连先生商榷

Second Study on the Names of Grape in Tuepan Writings——Deliberate with Mr.Liu Yonglian

中原的桃文化自高昌郡时期就有很深的影响,吐鲁番桃文化文书的出土,说明古代吐鲁番地区桃树种植的可能性。这种可能性及桃文化对葡萄名称写法的影响,又导致了文书中"桃"与葡萄之间关系的复杂性问题。辨别涉及经济方面的桃文书,是辨析吐鲁番出土"桃"与葡萄文书的出发点与落脚点所在。吐鲁番文书中的"桃",包括与"蒲桃"或"浮桃"等并用的"桃";与酒并用的"桃";独有"桃"字的文书。这些文书中的"桃",一是为"蒲桃"或"浮桃"的简称;二是指桃;三是是否一定指葡萄,还存疑。吐鲁番文书中葡萄书写形式有着时代的特征,这些时代特征可以作为我们进一步判定那些不能确定时期或"桃"内涵的文书。出现"桃"与葡萄关系问题的文书是在阚氏高昌初年(460)至武后初年(684)这一时期,但文书的"桃"指葡萄当大致不误。古代吐鲁番地区葡萄的多种书写方式的存在,原因是多方面的,而葡萄在该地区社会经济中所占据着的非常特殊而重要的地位,恰恰又强化了"桃"在该地区一般指葡萄的认识。吐鲁番出土"桃"文书,在一定程度上证明了古代吐鲁番桃树的种植,但桃文书是极少的,桃种植规模是很有限的。

The peach culture in central China has deeply influenced Tuepan since the time of Gaochang County. The unearthed Tuepan writings about peach culture show the possibility of peach trees＇ planting in ancient Tuepan area and this possibility definitely acted on the expressions of names of grape, which caused the eomplicated relations between peach and grape in the Tuepan writings. The start and stay points of defining peach and grape in the un- earthed Tuepan writings are economic works related with peach culture. In these writings, there are 3 kinds writing styles of ＂peach＂： the 1^st is the simplification of ＂putao＂ or ＂futao＂, the 2^nd is peach and the last is probable grape, not for sure. The reason for many different writing styles of grape in acient Tuepan area is multiple and above all, the grape had been occupying a very special and important position in local economy. Thus, it is possible that peach maybe symbols grape at that point. The writings about peach unearthed in Tuepan area, to some extent, have proved the peach trees＇ planting in ancient Tuepan area, although the number was very few and the planting scale was quite limited.