生态创新的内涵、分类体系与研究进展

Eco-innovation:conception,hierarchy and research progress

我国正处于从"中国制造"向"中国创造"转变的关键时期,生态创新对于我国经济增长模式的生态化转型和综合国家竞争力的提升具有重要的意义。在回顾生态创新发展历程的基础上辨析了生态创新的概念内涵,指出双重外部性、技术推动与市场拉动效应的特殊性、以及环境管治的推/拉效应是生态创新不同于一般创新的特性。接着,分微观、中观和宏观尺度建构了生态创新的等级体系并阐述了主要研究领域和范式。然后,评述了企业、行业和国家3个尺度上的生态创新进展,指出企业生态创新研究最为活跃,而行业和区域层面的研究相对滞后。最后,分析了当前生态创新研究存在的问题,并指出我国如果在企业生态创新、国家生态竞争战略、经济发展模式生态化转型和生态创新管治等战略问题上左右摇摆甚至处理不当,很可能将失去在生态创新"第六轮工业革命"崛起的机会。

Eco-innovation plays an important role in eco-transition of China′s economic growth model and enhancement of national competitiveness.The concept of eco-innovation was clarified and three characteristics were distinguished from general innovation：（a） double externalities,（b） special technology push and market pull effect,and（c） environmental governance push/pull effect.Subsequently,the classification systems of eco-innovation were discussed and a new system was established based on environmental protection paradigms,comprising end-of-pipe-oriented eco-innovation,process-oriented eco-innovation,product-oriented eco-innovation and system-oriented eco-innovation.The hierarchy of eco-innovation was also framed at micro-,meso-and macro-levels.The micro-level eco-innovation includes private behavior innovation,household innovation and corporate innovation;the meso-level eco-innovation includes sectoral innovation,supply chain innovation and product/service system innovation;and the macro-level eco-innovation includes regional economy innovation,national innovation and global innovation.Among these hierarchies,only corporate,sectoral and national levels′ eco-innovation research progresses were reviewed.Currently,the existing research is focused on the concept definition,motivation identification,performance evaluation and mechanism discrimination.In future,the following research fields should be strengthened：（1） more theoretical studies are needed.Weak normative methods and theoretical foundations can only lead to too general conclusions and lack of relevance;（2） more empirical studies are needed.Existing studies have mostly been limited to the interpretation of qualitative or theoretical derivation,few empirical researches were based on case studies;（3） eco-innovation systems and models should be categorized further.Eco-innovation model varies due to the different industries,regions or countries.Eco-innovation system is composed of business,industry,knowledge institutions,consumers,innovation system and other institutions,the different compositions will bring to different structural features and modes of eco-innovation;（4） to integrate the organization and process management research into corporate eco-innovation.Corporate eco-innovation management will be more and more open and complex.How to improve eco-innovation performance through the integration of internal and external resources？ This left us with a lot of study space;（5） to strengthen the comparative study of different countries.Compared with corporate eco-innovation,the regional and national eco-innovations obtained fewer attentions.From the ecology metaphor and eco-innovation particularity,however,more studies are needed at regional,national and global scales because only the larger system can take into account its inherent embeddedness and path dependence.Finally,based on the factors of enterprise eco-innovation,the national ecological competitive strategy,economic development ecological transformation and environmental governance strategic issues,this paper points out that China will miss the ecological revolution if it does not handle properly the timing of eco-innovation.