欧盟对外关系法中的一致性原则:以《里斯本条约》为新视角

The Principle of Consistency in the EU External Relations Law in the light of the Lisbon Treaty

一致性原则构成欧盟对外关系法中的一项基本原则,也是长期以来困扰欧盟对外行动的一项难题,其典型表现就是欧盟各支柱对外政策之间、欧盟机构之间以及欧盟与成员国之间的对外行动缺乏必要的一致性。为提高欧盟对外关系的一致性,《里斯本条约》在"去支柱化"、整合欧盟对外政策、协调欧盟对外职能机构等方面进行了积极的改革尝试。不过,由于共同外交与安全政策的特殊性依旧,整合后的欧盟对外政策目标过于宽泛,欧盟外交与安全政策高级代表以及欧盟对外行动署的职能设计含糊,《里斯本条约》提高欧盟对外关系一致性的努力打了折扣。尽管如此,新生效的《里斯本条约》总体上为欧盟开展更加一致和有效的对外行动夯实了法律基础,并提供了未来进一步努力的原则和方向。

The principle of consistency in the EU external relations law consists of at least three aspects,namely,horizontal,institutional and vertical consistency. With a view to improving the consistency of the overall EU external relations,the Lisbon Treaty introduces a variety of positive innovations in order to integrate the EU's external policies,such as the so-called 'de-pillarisation' and the creation of the posts exclusively responsible for its external actions,i.e. the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR) as well as the European External Action Service (EEAS). Nevertheless,it is still uncertain whether concrete progresses could be brought into reality by the measures introduced by the Lisbon Treaty,since the specific legal characteristics of the rules governing the Common Foreign and Security Policy have still been maintained,the objectives of the EU's integrated external policy are far too diverse and comprehensive and the organizing and functioning of both the HR and EEAS far from clear,the strength of which would be dependent on the political will of both the EU institutions and its Member States. Despite all these uncertainties,it is undoubtedly that the Lisbon Treaty has provided a much more consolidate constitutional foundation for the EU to conduct a more consistent and effective external policy in the foreseeable future.