资源型城市的生态效率评价

Assessment for Eco-efficiency of Resource-based Cities

为深入把握资源型城市循环经济发展状况,本文引入生态效率概念,并用因子分析法测算了我国16座资源型城市2007年的生态效率,发现城市间的生态效率差异很大,最高值是最低值的3.9倍;资源型城市的生态效率值按煤炭类、金属类、综合类、石油类的顺序逐渐降低,煤炭类城市的生态效率是石油类城市的1.9倍,资源类型对城市的生态效率值影响较大,而且同一类型的资源型城市生态效率差别也较大,资源型城市所处的地理位置与规模对生态效率也有影响,但年龄对生态效率的影响较小,另外还发现居民的生活习惯与消费方式对城市的生态效率也有影响。部分资源型城市是末端治理及源头消减模式,但大部分资源型城市还是用传统模式发展经济,循环经济水平需要提高。

A resource-based city is typically referred to as the city whose development is highly dependent on exploration of natural resources,and its resource industry is the major part of the whole economic system.During the past decades,resource-based cities have seriously degraded ecology and the environment in the process of exploration and production of natural resources,resulting in big challenges in realizing sustainable development.Some of them have made substantial efforts in enhancing the capability of sustainable development through developing circular economy.In order to make the conditions of developing circular economy more favorable in resource-based cities,a concept of eco-efficiency,considered an appropriate measure of the circular economy,was introduced in this paper.Then,the eco-efficiency of 16 resource-based cities in China in 2007 was estimated with the factor analysis method.Results indicated considerably varying values,showing that the maximum value of Tongchuan City was 3.9 times of the minimum value of Ma＇anshan City.The type of resources showed a great impact on the eco-efficiency.The eco-efficiency values decreased in these cities of coal,metal,multi-resource and petroleum in a descending order.The average value of the eco-efficiency of coal cities was estimated to be 1.9 times of that of petroleum cities.Also,they were different in cities with the same resources.For example,the value of Tongchuan with the maximum value was 3.8 times of the value of Yangquan with the minimum value in coal cities.It was also found that the age of these cities has a little effect on their eco-efficiency rather than the location and size showing a great effect.The average value of western resource-based cities was generally higher than was central and eastern cities.Moreover,the living habits and consumption patterns show certain effect on the eco-efficiency.Some cities develop their economy with the patterns of end treatment or source reductions but most cities still with traditional patterns.It was found that they fail to get rid of the traditional patterns.Low reduction levels are frequently accompanied with a small environmental carrying capacity.As such,there is an urgent need to improve the condition of developing circular economy in these resource-based cities.In general,the eco-efficiency of resource-based cities is lower than other cities because of the nature of resource dependence.However,similar conditions are encountered by many cities which need to make great efforts in developing circular economy so as to slow down the trends in increasing the proportion of the heavy industry,address environmental pollution,lessen rapidly increased environmental pressure and improve the environmental efficiency.These work need to be done by both resource-based cities and other cities.