英国早期司法判例中的作者权利

The Author's Rights in Early Modern England Juridical Cases

《安妮女王法》开启了著作权法制化之门,但由于这一立法范式的出现并非是由于立法者对于作者权利的重视和对于制度创新的追求,而纯粹是由于各方利益纠葛妥协的偶然产物。于是,《安妮女王法》在权利限制的条文中就采用了特殊的双轨制方式尝试协调书商之间的利益冲突,但对于两种不同的保护期限和权利性质,该法却又未做出任何的解释和交代,这就为后世著作权制度性质的置疑埋下了隐患。同时,《安妮女王法》的权利限制之困促使书商改变策略,以Midwinter v.Hamilton案的审理为标志,书商公会从寻求议会立法保护转向到法院寻求权利救济,并由此开始了延续30年的"书商之战"。其中,具有里程碑意义的Millar v.Taylor与Donaldson v.Beckett案,就直观细致地反映了著作权法制化自《安妮女王法》确立开端以来发展路径的选择,即著作权的权利类型化或制度体系化。且借由司法判决,英国法进一步确立了作者在著作权法表达中的中心位置,并真正确立了后世以作者为导向的著作权立法模式。也开启了著作权理论从面向立法的纯粹理论模式转变为面向司法的实用主义保护模式的最初进程。从另一种意义上说,著作权法制化的过程,就是对于权利主体的确认和选择的过程。权利内容基本框架的确立同权利主体的选择相关联,作者主体身份像幽灵一般始终萦绕在著作权法制化过程中。

Emergence of 'Statute of Anne' opens the door to the legalization route of copyright system, though it is the accidental product compromising the interests' disputes of all parties rather than the classic legislation paradigm resulting from lawmaker for the author' s rights and the pursuit of institutional innovation. Then, in the provisions for limitation of right, Statute of Anne attempts to adopt a special twin-track approach in order to resolve the conflict among booksellers. But the law does not explain and account for the differences in terms of protection and nature of rights, which might cause later disputes on the rationality of copyright system. Meanwhile, the paradox of limitations in Statute of Anne also prompted the booksellers to change their legal tactics, in which, the trial of Midwinter v. Hamilton marked Booksellers' actions of seeking judicial right protection from court instead of from parliamentary legislation. It thus started the 30-year battle of the booksellers . Among them, as a landmark Millar v. Taylor and Donaldson v. Beckett case brings a clear and specific view on the path to copyright system development since the establishment of 'Statute of Anne , namely by the categorization of rights and the systematization of regulations. In result, the England legislative further established the center role of authorship in the copyright legal expression through judicial decisions, and indeed initiated the author-oriented model of copyright legislation. On theory it consequently launched the early process from purely theoretical model for the legislation to the pragmatism mode for the judicial practices. In another sense, the legalization process of copyright is the process of the identification and selection on the subject of rights. Establishment of the basic framework of right' s object is related to the identification of right' s subject. The identity of authorship has been like an apparition always lingering in the legalization process of copyright system.