美国科技与研发政策述评

An Overview on the U.S. Science and Technology(S&T) and Research and Development(R&D) Policies

回顾了美国科技与研发政策自其建国以来的历史沿革,剖析了其决策过程中立法(国会)和行政单位以及其各自顾问机构间的互动模式,并阐述了该模式对美国国家创新系统演化和国家创新能力提升在不同历史阶段所产生的影响。研究表明,美国政府在科技进步中的角色并非一成不变,其科技政策的力度和效果在不同时期也有显著差异,而特定历史背景下的国家利益诉求是左右上述政府角色、政策力度和效果的关键因素。

This paper reviews the evolution of U.S.ST and RD policies ever since the founding of the nation and conceptualizes the decision-making model of the U.S. government in ST and RD policies,primarily looking at the interactions among the legislative unit（Congress）,the administrative unit and those advisory bodies associated to them.The paper finds that the U.S.government＇s role in stimulating ST progress by using ST and RD policy differs significantly in history.It is the particular national interest determined in a specific historical context that drives the formation of the ST and RD policy and eventually mobilizes its implementation and institutionalization.