篮球运动员8周负重超等长训练后下肢及髋、膝、踝关节动力学和刚度变化

Changes in the Kinetics and Stiffness of Lower Extremity,Hip,Knee and Ankle of Basketball Players after 8-week Plyometric Weight Training

目的:研究负重超等长训练后下肢及髋、膝、踝关节动力学和刚度的变化。方法:对16名不间断常规力量训练的男子篮球运动员实施8周下肢负重超等长训练,每周进行3次肩负杠铃原地垂直下蹲跳训练,采用30%1RM负荷。每个训练周结束后测量一次最大重复重量(onerepetition maximum,1RM)以调整下周负荷。分别于训练前后采用VICON系统和三维测力台同步采集纵跳动作下肢运动学和动力学数据,并经逆向动力学方法计算净关节力矩。根据弹簧-质量模型计算下肢刚度和下肢关节刚度。结果:与训练前相比,8周负重超等长训练后纵跳高度和最大地面反作用力显著增加;髋、踝关节峰值力矩、峰值功率、做功均显著提高;下肢刚度和髋、踝关节刚度显著提高。训练前后膝关节峰值力矩、峰值功率、做功和刚度无显著改变。结论:8周负重超等长训练能提高纵跳成绩,提高下肢及髋、踝关节动力学和刚度,可作为提高篮球运动员弹跳能力的训练手段。

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in kinetics and stiffness of lower extremity,hip,and ankle of basketball players after plyometric weight training.Methods Lower extremities of sixteen male basketball players were trained with plyometric protocol within 8 weeks,3 sessions per week,precluding extra general strength training.The players performed countermovement jump with barbell on their shoulder.Their one repetition maximum（1RM）was tested every week so that they were able to train under the condition of 30% 1RM incremental-load.Before and after training,kinetics data of lower extremities during vertical jump were collected using VICON and 3-D force plate and net joint moments were calculated by using inverse dynamics.Lower extremity and joint stiffness were calculated according to spring-mass model.Results The 8-week plyometric weight training program significantly increased vertical jump height and maximum ground reaction force,significantly improved peak joint moments,peak power and work of hip and ankle,significantly elevated leg stiffness and joint stiffness.However,there were no changes in peak joint moments,peak power,work and stiffness of knee.Conclusion The results indicated that an 8-week plyometric weight training program could significantly increase vertical jump performance,improve kinetics and stiffness of lower extremity,hip and ankle.