美国墨西哥湾溢油事故应急响应、治理措施及其启示

U.S.Gulf oil spill emergency response,management measures and their implications

2010年4月20日,美国墨西哥湾深水地平线号钻井平台发生爆炸导致溢油事故。事故发生后,美国启动了国家、区域和地方的各级应急指挥系统,统一协调各部门进行海上溢油的堵漏、治理与回收。由于各级政府和部门联合行动,协调配合,物资储备充足,布局合理,治理措施得当,大大减少了对环境的伤害。美国的海上溢油应急响应体系是依托1990年美国《石油污染法案》和1994年《溢油应急计划》建立的包括地方、区域和国家整体的应急指挥系统。美国的溢油应急指挥体系涉及16个政府部门,可随时按照国家应急计划和授权协调开展工作。对比中美两国海上溢油应急响应体系,中国的国家海上溢油应急指挥体系还不完善,建议加强溢油应急响应立法工作,明确职责与法律关系;建立国家溢油应急指挥体系,切实加强各部门之间的协作;完善中国石油企业的应急响应机制,应对未来可能发生的溢油事故。

The Deepwater Horizon off-shore drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico exploded on April 20th, 2010, and this led to a large oil spill. After the accident the US government immediately activated the oil spill emergency response system and coordinated the various departments to stop the leak and treat the oil spill. The environmental impact of the accident was significantly mitigated thanks to coordination at all levels as well as to holding sufficient material reserves, to a rational configuration of resources and to taking appropriate measures. The US oil spill emergency response system is based on the 1990 Oil Pollution Act and the 1994 National Oil Spill Contingency Plan, a local, regional and national emergency system all in one. The system involves 16 government departments and can be activated at any time under the national emergency plan and appropriate authorizations. China's National Marine Oil Spill Emergency Response Command System is not as robust as the US system. The oil spill emergency response system should be codified into statute to make clear the duties of each side, to strengthen collaboration among various departments, and to ensure that the emergency response mechanism of China' s oil enterprises can effectively deal with possible future oil spills.