面向完整任务教学,设计复杂学习过程——冯曼利伯论四元培训与教学设计模式

Complete the Task-oriented Instruction, Design of Complex Learning Process——van Merrienboer on four component training and instructional design model

复杂学习旨在达成综合的或者多样的学习目标,需要在实际的任务情境中将零散的知能协调和综合起来。复杂学习涉及到知能之间的水平关系和垂直关系,还包括了将要完成的学习任务并区分为创生性和再生性。创设复杂学习环境的总体要求是面向完整任务、呈现相关知能、提供程序支持和安排专项操练四个组成部分,具体包括了十个步骤,即分解复杂知能、排序任务类别、规划学习任务、确定心理模式、厘清认知策略、呈现相关知能、明晰规则/程序、弄清前提知能、提供程序支持和安排专项操练。

Complex learning is always aimed at achieving integrated or muhiple sets of learning goals. In the process of complex learning, students need to coordinate and integrate the separate skills in the real-life task performance. Complex learning involves with two fundamental types of relationships between constituent skills： horizontal relationship and vertical relationship, and it also includes two kinds of learning tasks： non-recurrent task and recurrent constituent tasks. From the perspective of four component train and instructional design model, there are four constituent parts of complex learning condition furming：learning tasks, just-in-time information, supportive information and part-task practice. It can be divided into ten steps： compose skill hierarchy, sequence task classes, design learning tasks, analyse mental models, analyse cognitvie strategies, design supportive information, analyse rules and procedures, analyse pre-requisite knowledge, design JIT information and design part-task practice.