倪嗣冲与民初安徽匪患治理

Ni Si-chong and the Banditry Governance in Anhui Province During Early Republic

倪嗣冲于民初统治安徽近十年,是中国近现代史上一个颇具争议的人物。在倪嗣冲一生的社会政治活动中,民初治理安徽匪患是一个重要方面,无论是其治理动机、策略还是治理成效都具有一定的代表性,因而有进一步探讨的学术价值。民初安徽匪患严重,不仅严重扰乱了社会治安,破坏了社会秩序,阻碍了经济的恢复与发展,也严重危及倪嗣冲在安徽的统治。倪嗣冲一生推崇武力,政治思想保守,在他看来,"匪患"既包括盗匪以及由破产无业游民、散兵游勇组成的土匪武装,也包括资产阶级民主革命党人等政治对手,因而针对不同对象,采取相应的治理策略。主要有:对于一般盗匪,则组建民团,维护地方治安;对于政治对手以及危害较大的土匪,则派兵进剿,绝不姑息;对于活动于与其他省区交界的土匪,则联合相关省区,共同围剿;对于由散兵游勇组成的土匪武装,则软硬兼施,尽力招抚收编等,取得了一定的成效。由于民初"匪患"的社会根源并未消除,加上倪嗣冲军队军纪较差,百姓怨声载道,匪患问题并不能从根本上解决。倪嗣冲之后的安徽,社会秩序依旧混乱,政局依旧动荡,民众大量流亡,成为安徽尤其是皖北地区长期贫困的一个重要根源。

Ni Si-chong（1870-1924）,the people of Fuyang,Anhui province,who was the ruler of Anhui in early years of the Republic of China for nearly 10 years was a controversial figure in modern China.The abatement of banditry is an extremely important aspect in his social and political activities,which is representative in its motivation,strategy and effectiveness.It＇s valuable to further discuss about it,but there is few academic discussion.The Anhui banditry in early years of the Republic of China was serious,which disrupt the public order,destroyed the social order,hindered economic recovery and development,and seriously endangered his rule in Anhui province.Ni Si-chong praised power highly.In his opinion,banditry included robbers,armed bandits composed of hoboes and disbanded soldiers,also included his political opponents,the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary party members.According to different objects,he adopted corresponding management strategies.For the bandits,he organized militia to maintain law and order situation;for political opponents,he sent troops to suppress;for the bandits operating at the junction with other provinces,he suppressed them together with related provinces;for armed bandits composed of disbanded soldiers,he incorporated them.These strategies achieved certain results.But the banditry problem can not be solved fundamentally as the social causes were not eliminated,together with the military discipline was poor.After Ni Si-chong left Anhui,social order was still chaos,political situation was still unrest,and a lot of people went into exile,which was an important source of long term poverty of Anhui especially of north Anhui.