论美国州初审法院经费保障体制及其借鉴意义

The Funding Systems of American State Trial Courts as An Experience

法院改革和财政压力是美国州政府保障初审法院经费的主要动因。虽然由州政府保障的经费比例和项目在稳步增加,但因环境的不同,各州在保障范围上又不尽一致。由于法院改革很大程度上构造在科层模型之上,州政府承担初审法院的经费保障责任后,大多会同步强化州最高法院对初审法院的管理权力,其结果是法院体系内部官僚政治倾向的增加。美国州初审法院经费保障体制对我国的借鉴意义是:在上移经费保障责任的过程中,应当肯定省级财政的主导地位,以匹配不同区域的环境差异;在强化省级财政管理权限的同时,应当针对经费管理体制中的官僚政治倾向设计相应的应对措施。

State funding of trial courts mainly results from the court reform movement and local government＇s fiscal stress in the United States.It is not a monolithic concept but a manifold system,and varies in practice according to the scope of assumption and the method of funding.Most states funding systems would strengthen the state Supreme Court＇s administrative power at the same time.Since the reform is based on the model of hierarchy,the financial system after sate funding falls into the dilemma of bureaucracy.Funding systems of American State trial courts illuminates China＇s reform that funding entity should shift up,but the central government should not burden all,the provincial finance also should be responsible for the court＇s funds,and China＇s systems must cope with the bureaucratic problem.