激光立体成形高性能金属零件研究进展

Research Progress in Laser Solid Forming of High Performance Metallic Component

激光立体成形技术是从20世纪80年代初期发展起来的一项先进制造技术,能够实现高性能复杂结构金属零件的无模具、快速、全致密近净成形。该技术可以用于承受强大力学载荷的三维实体金属零件的快速制造,也可应用于具有较复杂形状和较大体积制造缺陷、误加工损伤或服役损伤零件的修复。主要围绕激光立体成形技术在追逐高力学性能方面的研究工作,综述了激光立体成形研究和应用的主要进展情况。对多种合金的大量研究工作表明:激光立体成形金属零件的综合力学性能同锻件相当,导致这样优越的力学性能的主要原因在于其材料组织致密、细小、均匀,可以通过优化成形工艺和热处理工艺而获得基本上没有冶金缺陷的状态。激光立体成形技术的主要应用对象是兼顾高性能和复杂结构的金属零件的制造和修复。实现高性能修复是激光立体成形技术最近的一个引人注目的研究进展,修复零件的力学性能可以仅在简单的退火热处理状态下即达到锻件力学性能标准,这使得过去认为不可修复的高性能重要金属零件具备了现实的修复技术途径,这必将是激光立体成形技术最有前景的应用方向之一。

Laser solid forming（LSF） is an advanced manufacture technology developed from early 1980＇s, which can re- alize the rapid near-net-shaping of the high performance complicated metallic components with full-dense and without using a mold. LSF can be used not only to rapidly fabricate 3D components for bearing heavy load, but also to repair the compo- nents with the complicate shape and large volume manufacture defect, the mis-machined components and the service dam- aged components. In present paper, the emphasis has been focused on obtaining excellent mechanical properties for LSFed metal parts, the main progresses on the research and application of laser solid forming are reviewed. Researches on many LSFed metallic materials show that the comprehensive mechanical properties of LSFed samples are usually in the classes of forging parts, which results from the dense, fine and homogeneous microstructure in LSFed parts, especially, metallurgi- cal-defects-free structure can be obtained by careful optimizing the forming and heat treatment parameter. To realize the manufacturing and repairing of high performance complicate metallic components is the dominant application of LSF. To re- alize the high performance repairing of the metallic component is one of the most remarkable progress for laser solid forming recently. The mechanical properties of the repaired parts by LSF can reach the wrought standards only with annealing treat- ment, as a result, LSF provide a important way for the repair of some very important high performance metallic components which was generally thought not to be able to be repaired in the past. It is believed that the repair of high performance metallic components by LSF should be one of the most promising applications for LSF in the coming future.