再议曹操高陵葬制——以对曹丕黄初三年诏的分析为中心

Another Discussion of Funeral Norms of Cao Cao's Gaoling Mausoleum:Centering on Analyzing Cao Pi's Imperial Edict Issued on the Third Year of Huangchu

对于曹操葬制存在诸多争议。曹丕黄初三年(222年)诏所透露的有关曹操高陵葬制的信息,也为相关讨论提供了重要的历史资料。现在看来,高陵"陵上祭殿"确实存在。被称为曹丕"终制"的诏令被赋予传世之戒条的意义,当时已在相当广泛的范围内公布,实际上已经成为一个半公开的文件。不论魏文帝曹丕的本意如何,这一诏令所取得的宣传效应是明显的。我们以为这篇措辞严厉的文字值得注意的,还在于曹丕对于违诏"妄有所变改造施"的诅咒,体现曹操宣告薄葬的遗制,应当得以遵行。我们通过魏文帝曹丕"终制"的文字可以推知,如果他确实对于曹操"薄葬"遗令"有所变改造施",一定不会痛斥反薄葬行为是"愚俗所为",也不会自认"弃君于恶"、"爱以害亲"、"不忠不孝"之名,当然更不会使用"为戮尸地下,戮而又戮,死而重死"一类激烈言辞。很可能文帝黄初三年诏和文帝"终制"原本属于一个文件,也许统称为魏文帝曹丕"黄初三年诏"是适宜的。如果这一假设成立,则马端临注意到的"魏武父子遗令俱欲薄葬"就表现出了连贯性和完整性,其中所透露的有关曹操高陵葬制的信息亦有更值得我们确信的价值。

There are different disputes over Cao Cao＇s funeral norms. The information about the funeral norms of Cao Cao＇s Gaoling Mausoleum revealed in Cao Pi＇ s imperial edict provides important historical materials for relevant discussion. It seems that the record of ＂building palaces on the mausoleum of Gaoling＂ is true. Endowed with the significance of being the discipline for the next generations to follow, Cao Pi＇ s imperial edict on the funeral norms after his death should have been spread in a large scope. In other words, it has actually been a half public document. Whatever Emperor Wei Wendi＇ s intention was, this edict gained apparent effect of propaganda. Another reason why we should put more focus on this sharply worded edict lies in his curse on those who would not obey his will, which manifests his obedience of Cao Cao＇ s will of siinple funeral. On the other hand, from his edict, we can infer that if he has changed Cao Cao＇ s will of simple funeral, he would not criticize those who would like to change his will of funeral. Therefore, it is probable that his edict of the third year of Huangchu and his edict on the funeral norms after his death belong to one document. In this sense, it is proper to name this document the edict of the third year of Huangchu. If this hypothesis is true, the argument of ＂Cao Cao and his son make a will of simple funeral＂ proposed by Ma Duanlin is consistent and complete. On the other hand, the information about the funeral norms of Cao Cao＇s Gaoling Mausoleum revealed in this edict can be more believable.