中国畜牧业生产结构的区域差异分析——基于资源禀赋与粮食安全视角

Analysis of Regional Differentiation of Animal Husbandry Production Structure in China from the Perspectives of Resources Endowment and Food Security

中国畜牧业正处于从传统畜牧业向现代畜牧业转型的关键时期,为了全面地了解全国各地区畜牧业的发展现状、存在的问题和发展潜力,本文运用偏离-份额分析法对全国各地区自2003年-2007年以来的畜牧业生产结构及其比较优势进行对比分析。结果表明:各地区畜牧业发展不平衡,生产结构的区域化特征明显。通过对差异形成的原因分析后发现,各地区生产结构及其比较优势的形成与其社会经济状况、资源禀赋、市场需求等因素密切相关,但更深层次的解释是由于市场分割、各地区消费习惯差异以及生产者和政府目标收益的不一致引发的区域之间对其自身优势利用的程度不同所造成的。由于造成畜牧业生产结构区域差异的原因不尽相同,即使是同一种影响因素的作用程度也是轻重有别,这就导致了各地区畜牧业发展分属综合优势区、竞争优势区、结构优势区、优势缺乏区这4个不同的区域类型。最后,在基于资源禀赋与粮食安全的视域下,进一步指出我国区域畜牧业的发展方向是根据各地区资源环境特征以及畜禽生产条件进行优势区域布局,继续加大生产结构的调整力度,提高草食畜的生产比重,大力发展"节粮型"畜牧业。

China＇s animal husbandry is at a critical transition period shifting from traditional to modern livestock industry. Its development is currently faced with the potential of increasing demands of livestock consumption and diversified consumption; however, it is increasingly constrained by resources and environment. In order to fully understand the development situation, existing problems and potential of the animal husbandry in all regions of China, the authors applied the Shift-Share Analysis to examine regional differentiation of animal husbandry production structure during the period of 2003-2007. Combined with regional resources endowment, market demand, technological level and policy factors, the author systematically evaluated the animal husbandry throughout the country, which would be beneficial to adjustment of the national animal husbandry structure and providing a basis for optimization of regional planning. In addition to providing a structural analysis on the development of local animal husbandry production, the method can also be used to perform a quantitative measurement on the degree of the role of the production structure component and the competitive component. Results indicated that local animal husbandry showed an unbalanced development and the production structures had distinct regional characteristics. It was found that the formation of regional production structures and comparative advantages were closely related to socioeconomic status, resource endowment, market demand, etc., but a further explanation lied in the disparity of making use of their own advantages because of market segmentation, regional differences in spending habits and inconsistent target incomes between producers and governments. Regional differences of the livestock production structure were caused by different reasons, even the roles of the same factors varying. This led to the development of animal husbandry sub-regional areas being generally partitioned into four regional types, i.e., comprehensive advantages district, competitive advantages district, structural advantages district and lack of advantages district. On the basis of resources endowment and food security, it is suggested that the planning of animal husbandry account for regional resources and environmental characteristics as well as advantages of regional animal production conditions, making full use of regional comparative advantages. This is the inherent requirement of the development of natural ecosystems and socio-economic systems. It is also the inevitable choice to guarantee food security and promote sustainable development of animal husbandry. At last, it is stated that the development direction of China＇s regional animal husbandry be to adjust the production structure, improve the proportion of grass-feed livestock and develop forage-saving animal husbandry.