海南西部农村地区的野生辣椒资源

Wild Pepper Resources in Western Rural Areas of Hainan Province

为了解海南西部地区的野生辣椒资源种类以及它们的分布状况,本文在海南西部7县市44个自然村落展开了调查。结果显示:按照果实的长宽、果形及果实青、老熟期前后的颜色变化将所调查到的野生辣椒定为小米椒Capsicum frutescens和朝天椒Capsicum annuum var.conoides的三个变种,分别定名为朝天椒1、朝天椒2、朝天椒3。朝天椒1的分布最广,数量最多,其次是小米椒,朝天椒2和朝天椒3的分布较少。从各县市所拥有野生辣椒资源来看,无论从数量上还是从种类上,白沙县的野生辣椒资源最为丰富。但仅从数量来看,北部县市的野生辣椒数量比南部县市的多。采用方差均值比的t检验法和Morisita指数的f检验法对野生辣椒的空间分布格局进行分析,结果表明海南西部七县市农村地区的野生辣椒空间分布格局为集群分布。用丛生指数、平均拥挤度和聚块性指数对其集群分布的聚集强度进行测定,表明其聚块为集中分布。但剔除人为因素后的野生辣椒的聚集强度有所下降,说明人为因素有增大野生辣椒集群分布强度的作用。对野生辣椒的分布生境及其与伴生物种的关系的分析表明,野生辣椒的分布既不依赖于特定的物种而存在也不受特定物种的限制。对生境有一定的要求,多分布在具有一定遮阴度的生境下。朝天椒1和小米椒可以作为以后辣椒育种的重要材料。橡胶园、槟榔园等园地是规模化栽培野生辣椒的理想生境。

For a better understanding of wild pepper species and their distributions in western rural areas of Hainan Province, the authors conducted an investigation on wild pepper in 44 villages located in 7 counties in western Hainan. In terms of the pepper＇s fruit length and width, shape and colors at different growth stages, the wild chili pepper in western Hainan was generally grouped into 4 types as follows： Capsicum Frutescens, Capsicum annuum var. conoidesas 1, Capsicum annuum var. conoidesas 2, and Capsicum annuum var. conoidesas 3. Capsicum annuum var. conoidesas 1 enjoys the widest distribution with the largest quantity, followed by Capsicum Frutescens in terms of distribution and quantity. In general, Capsicum annuum var. conoidesas 2 and Capsicum annuum var. conoidesas 3 rarely exist compared with the other type. In terms of quantity and type, Baisha County has the most abundant wild pepper resources among 7 countries under investigation. Regarding quantity, wild pepper grown in northern counties is larger than that in southern counties. Distribution patterns of the wild pepper in western rural areas of Hainan Province were examined with the t-test, f-test of the Morisita＇s overlap index, clumping index, mean crowding index and patchiness index. Results showed that the distribution pattern seems to be clump. But the aggregated intensities decrease after excluding human factors, indicating that the human factors can increase the aggregated intensities of wild pepper. Analysis of the habitats of wild pepper and its companion species suggest that the distribution of the wild pepper neither depends on the existence of a particular species nor is restricted by certain species. However, it has still particular requirements for habitat. Most of them were found in certain shading habitats; therefore the rubber plantation or the areca plantation is an ideal environment for large-scale cultivation of wild pepper. Overall, the wild pepper resources widely distributed in western rural areas of Hainan, have a strong ability to adapt to different types of habitats, such as home garden, garden, secondary forest, and shrub. Even though there are many kinds of wild peppers in home garden, their quantity at each point is essentially small, indicating that the wild pepper in home garden appears to be vulnerable to human activities. As such, it is necessary to strengthen collection and protection of different types of wild pepper in home garden. Compared with Capsicum annuum var. conoidesas 2 and Capsicum annuum var. conoidesas 3, Capsicum Frutescens and Capsicum annuum var. conoidesas 1 is widespread, showing relatively larger quantity and stronger ability to adapt to different habitats with better quality. It was suggested that it be taken as an important material for pepper breeding in the future.