2McCaffery M,Pasero C L. Pain ratings:the fifth vital sign[J]. Am J Nurs, 1997,97(2) : 15-- 16.
3Merboth M K, Barnason S. Managing pain: the fifth vital sign [ J ]. Nuts Clin North Am,2000,35(2) :375-383.
4Wang X, Li T, Yu S, et al. China:statusof pain and palliative care[J]. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2002, 24 ( 2 ) : 177179.
5McCaffery M, Ferrdl B R. Nurses"knowledge of pain assessment and management: how much progress have wemade[ J ]? J Pain Syrnlrmtn Manage,1997,14(3) : 175-- 188.
6McCaffery M,Robinson E S. Your patient is in paln:here's how you respond[J].Nursing, 2002,32(10) :36-45.
7McCaffery M. Pain knowledge and attitude survey. In:McCaffery M, Pasero C.Pain: clinical nmnual [ M ]. 2nd ed. St.Louis: Mosby, 1999. 728.
8Pasero C,Gordon D B, McCaffery M, et al. Building institutional conuniunent to improving pmn management. In: McCaffery M, Pasero C. Pain: clinical manual[M]. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999.711-744.
