马克思恩格斯关于意识形态的多视角解释

Marx and Engels's Interpretation of Ideology from Multiple Perspectives

意识形态问题是马克思主义理论的重大命题。马克思恩格斯在创建唯物史观的科学探索中,在对德国为代表的整个资本主义社会文化的批判中,始终将意识形态问题的唯物主义究诘作为与唯心主义斗争的焦点。他们基于人们的社会存在决定人们的社会意识这一根本思想原则,从经济生活、政治生活、精神生活的相互联系界说意识形态的反应机制和社会功能;从社会意识与社会主体互生成、互规定的关系界说意识形态的主体性机制和阶级属性;从社会意识的存在样式及其知行关系界说意识形态的认识特征和实践性品格。由此,构建了解释意识形态现象的三大向度,阐明了理解意识形态的思想原理和科学方法。

The issue of ideology is a significant proposition in Marxist theory.In the course of their scientific exploration establishing historical materialism and critiquing the whole of capitalist society and culture,as represented by Germany,Marx and Engels always saw materialist research on ideological issues as the focus of their struggle with idealism.On the basis of the fundamental intellectual principle that man's social being determines his social consciousness,they defined ideology's reaction mechanism and social function in terms of the interrelationship of economic,political and mental life;defined its subjective mechanism and class attributes in terms of the mutually causative and prescriptive relations of social consciousness and social entities;and defined its cognitive features and its character as practice in terms of the forms of existence of social consciousness and the relationship between knowing and doing.From this,they constructed the three major dimensions for interpreting ideological phenomena and clarified the intellectual tenets and scientific methodology of our understanding of ideology.