三种语境下的犯罪概念

Concepts of Crime in Three Contexts

犯罪概念的含义在不同的语言环境中会有变化。无论在犯罪学语境,刑法学语境抑或刑诉法语境中,犯罪概念均为该学科的基石性范畴。其理应具有相对稳定的相对明确的基本语义,如果这三个学科之间连犯罪这样的基石范畴的语义边界都不能清晰地加以厘定,这势必会影响到犯罪学、刑法学及刑诉法学的发展。在刑法学语境中罪刑法定原则决定了犯罪的边界,任何一个行为,无论在本质上其具有多大的社会危害,只要没有被立法规定为犯罪,只要不符合刑法中规定的某个罪名的成立要件,此行为就不能称之为刑法上的犯罪。在犯罪学语境中犯罪概念的边界是弹性的,不确定的,此边界是社会危害性划定的。犯罪学与刑法学的犯罪形成外延交叉,在刑诉法学语境中,犯罪概念的语义场是由无罪推定原则确定的,犯罪概念只有在定罪程序完全走完才能成立。

The concept of crime differs under different contexts. Either in criminology and criminal jurispru- dence, or in criminal procedure, it remains the key category for these subjects, so it is necessary to keep a relatively stable and clear definition ; otherwise the blurry concept of crime is doom to damage the development of criminology, criminal jurisprudence and criminal procedure. In criminal jurisprudence, the principle of le- gality decides the boundary of crime, any conduct, no matter how serious it brings about, provided that it can- not be defined as crime and can not constitute the essentials of some count regulated in criminal laws, never can the conduct be called the crime in the sense of criminal law. In criminology, the concept of crime is flexi- ble and uncertain, and the boundary is defined by social harmfulness. However, in criminal procedure, crime is decided by the principle of presumption of innocence, and merely after finishing the conviction proceedings, could the crime be valid.