灾难社会工作的角色评估:“三个阶段”的理论维度与实践展望

Role Assessment of Disaster Social Work:Theoretical dimension of "three stages" and practical prospect

以汶川地震紧急救援、临时安置和灾后重建三阶段为时间维度和理论框架,对各不同阶段社会工作承担的角色以及发挥的功能进行具体分析。在紧急救援阶段,由于"社工的不成熟和不自信,当地政府的不接纳,民政不放心,国家没政策",社会工作者没有采取实质的行动和举措;临时安置阶段为社会工作者的"需求评估和零散行动"阶段,社工们在资源链接、个案管理、冲突协调、政策倡导等方面积累了一些经验;灾后重建阶段为社会工作的"星星之火可以燎原"阶段,从最初的深圳、上海、广州三家社工站发展到30多家社工站,期间,运用社会心理能力建设模式开展灾后社区工作和学校社会工作进行了"摸着石头过河的探索",标志着中国社会工作走上了本土化和专业化的道路。"三个阶段"的社会工作评析和总结也为中国社会工作教育、灾难社会工作的实务发展和理论框架的进一步发展提供了新的思路。

The author carries out a practical analysis of the roles of social work at different stages after disaster and the functions they play by taking,as the temporality dimension and theoretical framework,the rescue,temporary settlement,and reconstruction.During the rescue stage,the social work took no essential action or measures for the problems of ＂the workers ＇immaturity and inconfidence,the local governments ＇unacceptance,the civil administration＇s anxiety,and the Central Government ＇s policy vacancy＂.The temporary settlement stage,being characterized with the social workers ＇＂needs assessment and dispersed actions ＂,is the period when the workers have accumulated some experience in resource linkage,cage management,conflict harmonization,and policy advocacy.The reconstruction stage is one that social work as ＂sparks of fire＂that ＂can wide spread＂.This is a stage during which more than 30social work stations were set up from the initial three of Shenzhen,Shanghai and Guangzhou.This is also a stage when workers undertook afterward community work and school social work in terms of psycho-social capacity building model,a try-and-error stage,which symbolizes that China＇s social work has grown up with the nature its indigenization and professionalization.The conclusiong also provides new ideas for further advances of the Chinese social work education,the practical development of disaster social work,and the theoretical framework.