中国饮用水水源地管理体制之困——基于利益相关方分析

Study on Drinking Water Sources Institutional Arrangement by Stakeholder Analysis

饮用水水源地是为公共饮用水供给系统提供原水的区域,其管理效果直接影响供水安全与人民身体健康,是水环境管理的重中之重。饮用水水源地具有公共物品属性、受益者明确、保护的外部性、多种地域关系等特性,对其管理体制安排提出了特殊要求。文章利用利益相关者理论剖析饮用水水源地管理中不同利益相关方的利益要求、作用与权力。在此基础上重点分析水源地管理责任主体安排的合理性、现有水源地管理体制重要的利益相关方的完整性、有效激励与监督机制是否存在三个问题。最终,提出进行饮用水水源地管理体制创新的途径,包括:突破属地管理的局限,让动机和能力匹配的主体承担相应的管理角色;提供途径,将重要利益相关方纳入;将水源地管理更充分地纳入流域管理体系。

Drinking water source is region which provides water for public drinking water supply system. Effect of drinking water source management has direct impacts on water security and people＇s health. Therefore, it is the top priority of water management. The various characteristics of drinking water source, such as public properties attributes, clear beneficiaries, externality of protection and different geographical features, bring forward special requirements on its institutional arrangement. In this paper, stakeholder theory is employed to analyze interest demands, role and power of different stakeholders. Then, three important problems of drinking water source＇s institutional arrangement are analyzed such as reasonableness of responsibility arrangement, integrity of important stakeholders and existence of effective incentive and monitoring mechanism. Finally, three ways to improve effect of drinking water source institutional arrangement are proposed, including： making stakeholders take roles that match their motivation and ability, providing incorporating means for important stakeholders, and integrating drinking water management into watershed management system.