改变目标与建立新规则 探索可替代的住宅类型

Changing Goals and New Rules Alternative Housing Types

针对上海的住宅问题,并从更广泛的角度定位中国近年来的城市发展,文章提出以下观点:1)住宅组团的设计与组织对一个城市的都市特性产生了最强烈的影响。2)上海传统的里弄住宅,周围被不少底层店铺、上层寝居的住宅所环绕。里弄在容纳了相当的人口密度的同时,还提供了高质量的住所,充满活力、和谐融洽的城市组织。3)除了特殊情况,当前社会和经济的需求客观阻碍了里弄的复兴,或者说直接把里弄作为一种既有的模式。4)同样的需求导致出现了两种住宅类型:a)一种是平行布置的板式南北向公房(新中国常见的房型)的维修和持续存在,b)另一种是近来占主导地位的、建在所谓的绿地中的高层塔楼。5)这两种类型,皆因被围墙或围栏围合而与城市生活隔离,故而不能创造生动和谐的城市空间。6)当前的开发实践、政府的规范和根深蒂固的中国传统观念这几个因素结合在一起使改变当前的住宅类型困难重重。文章提出以下观点:现有的建筑规范、传统和开发实践能否适当放松,使提升城市形象的新住宅类型能够被接受?

Considering housing in Shanghai, but possibly addressing recent Chinese urban development issues more generally,this short essay proposes the following：1） The design and organization of housing groups provide the single strongest influence on the urban charactwer of a city.2） The traditional housing of Shanghai is lilong compounds with surrounding,protective shop-houses.When occupied at their intended population density,the lilong provided both high quality dwellings and an active,supportive,and congenial urban organization. 3） Current social and economic demands preclude restoration of lilong,or even the direct use of the lilong as a model,except in special,rare conditions.4） These same demands have led to two housing types： a） the maintenance and continuation of parallel slab blocks with south orientation（the common type in the new China）;or b） the dominance recently of high-rise towers in ill-defined green space.5） Both these types, particularly as they are walled or fenced against the activity of the city,do not create active,supportive and congenial urban space.6） The combination of current development practices,government regulations and engrainewwd views of what Chinese tradition requires combine to make it difficult to move away from the existing types.This essay asks：Can existing rules,traditions and practices be relaxed in order that new types of housing that better support positive city building can be accepted.